{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T08:58:10Z","timestamp":1772787490014,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","funder":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi","award":["42\/2016\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42\/2016\/17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Homeopathy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Background\u2003Resistance to artemisinin and its partner drugs has threatened the sustainability of continuing the global efforts to curb malaria, which urges the need to look for newer therapies to control the disease without any adverse side effects. In the present study, novel homeopathic nosodes were prepared from Plasmodium falciparum and also assessed for their in vitro and in vivo anti-plasmodial activity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods\u2003Three nosodes were prepared from P. falciparum (chloroquine [CQ]-sensitive [3D7] and CQ-resistant [RKL-9] strains) as per the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India, viz. cell-free parasite nosode, infected RBCs nosode, mixture nosode. In vitro anti-malarial activity was assessed by schizont maturation inhibition assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Knight and Peter's method was used to determine in vivo suppressive activity. Mice were inoculated with P. berghei-infected erythrocytes on day 1 and treatment was initiated on the same day. Biochemical, cytokine and histopathological analyses were carried out using standard methods.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results\u2003In vitro: the nosodes exhibited considerable activity against P. falciparum with maximum 71.42% (3D7) and 68.57% (RKL-9) inhibition by mixture nosode followed by cell-free parasite nosode (62.85% 3D7 and 60% RKL-9) and infected RBCs nosode (60.61% 3D7 and 57.14% RKL-9). The nosodes were non-toxic to RAW macrophage cell line with &gt;70% cell viability. In vivo: Considerable suppressive efficacy was observed in mixture nosode-treated mice, with 0.005\u2009\u00b1\u20090.001% parasitemia on day 35. Levels of liver and kidney function biomarkers were within the normal range in the mixture nosode-treated groups. Cytokine analysis revealed increased levels of IL-4 and IL-10, whilst a decline in IL-17 and IFN-\u03b3 was evident in the mixture nosode-treated mice.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion\u2003The mixture nosode exhibited promising anti-malarial activity against P. falciparum and P. berghei. Biochemical and histopathological studies also highlighted the safety of the nosode for the rodent host. The study provides valuable insight into a novel medicament that has potential for use in the treatment of malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1729563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T23:46:20Z","timestamp":1636760780000},"page":"121-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preparation, Standardization and Anti-plasmodial Efficacy of Novel Malaria Nosodes"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Mansi","family":"Suri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neha Sylvia","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sapna","family":"Katnoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Gorki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raj Kumar","family":"Manchanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Khurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debadatta","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Homeopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Upma","family":"Bagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukhbir","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2020","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61510-3","article-title":"Malaria disaster in Africa","volume":"352","author":"K Marsh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/med.20062","article-title":"Recent advances in antimalarial drug development","volume":"27","author":"S Vangapandu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.213382","article-title":"Antimalarial potential of Nosode 30 and 200 against Plasmodium berghei infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"49","author":"U Bagai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.781840","article-title":"Human malaria parasites in continuous culture","volume":"193","author":"W Trager","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"In vitro Micro Test (mark III) for the Assessment of Response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, Mefloquine, Quinine, Amodiaquine, Sulfadoxine, Pyrimethamine and Artemisinin","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"T Mosmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1980.11687360","article-title":"The antimalarial activity of N-benzyloxydihydrotriazines. 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