{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:48:40Z","timestamp":1772160520233,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the key principles in the interpretation of radiology images is the ability to differentiate between normal and abnormal findings. This article provides a comprehensive overview of normal structures and anatomical variants occurring around the elbow including potential diagnostic pitfalls. We discuss frequently observed anatomical variants found in routine clinical practice associated with osseous, ligamentous, musculotendinous, and neurovascular structures at the elbow that may simulate pathology or predispose to symptoms under specific circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1729960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T22:30:30Z","timestamp":1635373830000},"page":"546-557","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Elbow Imaging: Variants and Asymptomatic Findings"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Neha","family":"Antil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2844-7616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelie M.","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1263254","article-title":"Normal anatomy and anatomical variants of the elbow","volume":"14","author":"S D Tomsick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2011.05.002","article-title":"Normal and variant anatomy of the elbow on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"19","author":"J M Stein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"\u201cFreyschmidt's Koehler\/Zimmer\u201d Borderlands of Normal and Early Pathologic Findings in Skeletal Radiography","author":"J Freyschmidt","year":"2003"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S1064-9689(21)00426-8","article-title":"MR imaging of normal variants and interpretation pitfalls of the elbow","volume":"5","author":"Z S Rosenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.164.2.7839980","article-title":"MR imaging of the elbow: normal variant and potential diagnostic pitfalls of the trochlear groove and cubital tunnel","volume":"164","author":"Z S Rosenberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-073X.2007.00172.x","article-title":"Supratrochlear foramen of the humerus","volume":"82","author":"S Singhal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anat Sci Int"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.892074","article-title":"The importance of the supratrochlear foramen of the humerus in humans: an anatomical study","volume":"20","author":"S Erdogmus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1148\/10.3.199","article-title":"On a foramen in the lower extremity of the humerus","volume":"10","author":"I S Hirsch","year":"1928","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/03009730802688819","article-title":"Supratrochlear foramen of the humerus: an anatomico-radiological study with clinical implications","volume":"114","author":"S R Nayak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-014-1926-7","article-title":"Patella cubiti: a case report and literature review","volume":"134","author":"R Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.31524\/bkkmedj.2019.02.015","article-title":"Bilateral patellar CUBITI: a case report","volume":"15","author":"K Khomarwut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bangk Med J"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.136.4.819","article-title":"Nonunion of olecranon epiphysis: two cases in adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"136","author":"H Pavlov","year":"1981","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.141.1.123","article-title":"The os supratrochleare dorsale: a normal variant that may cause symptoms","volume":"141","author":"W R Obermann","year":"1983","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S160861","article-title":"Supracondylar process syndrome: two cases of median nerve neuropathy due to compression by the ligament of Struthers","volume":"11","author":"H C Shon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ro.2005.01.013","article-title":"The elbow: radiographic imaging pearls and pitfalls","volume":"40","author":"D E Grayson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Roentgenol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.105.4.844","article-title":"The supracondylar process and its fracture","volume":"105","author":"A Newman","year":"1969","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-002-0510-3","article-title":"Intraoperatively proven anomalous Struthers' ligament diagnosed by MRI","volume":"31","author":"M Pe\u0107ina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-009-0575-y","article-title":"The biceps brachii muscle and its distal insertion: observations of surgical and evolutionary relevance","volume":"32","author":"Y Y Cucca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2011.44.3.238","article-title":"Bilateral asymmetric supernumerary heads of biceps brachii","volume":"44","author":"S E Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015141950","article-title":"Elbow US: anatomy, variants, and scanning technique","volume":"275","author":"A S Tagliafico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E125","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.334125059","article-title":"US of the elbow: indications, technique, normal anatomy, and pathologic conditions","volume":"33","author":"G P Konin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2014.12.007","article-title":"Ultrasound of the elbow with emphasis on detailed assessment of ligaments, tendons, and nerves","volume":"84","author":"M De Maeseneer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W248","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1048","article-title":"Terminal bifurcation of the biceps brachii muscle and tendon: anatomic considerations and clinical implications","volume":"191","author":"B Dirim","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1051\/sicotj\/2015006","article-title":"Anatomic variation of palmaris longus and flexor digitorum superficialis of little finger in Indian population","volume":"1","author":"A Mugalur","year":"2015","journal-title":"SICOT J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1901-x","article-title":"Anatomical variations of the palmaris longus muscle including its relation to the median nerve\u2014a proposal for a new classification","volume":"18","author":"\u0141 Olewnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2521081614","article-title":"Elbow nerves: MR findings in 60 asymptomatic subjects\u2014normal anatomy, variants, and pitfalls","volume":"252","author":"D B Husarik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref27","first-page":"99","article-title":"A study on operative findings and pathogenic factors in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow","volume":"11","author":"T Kojima","year":"1979","journal-title":"Handchirurgie"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.282075064","article-title":"Accessory muscles: anatomy, symptoms, and radiologic evaluation","volume":"28","author":"P A Sookur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4817","article-title":"Nerve entrapment syndromes of the elbow, forearm, and wrist","volume":"195","author":"T T Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2353(2000)13:6<434::AID-CA7>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Anatomical study of the accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus and the anterior interosseous nerve in Asians","volume":"13","author":"C S Oh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(96)80114-8","article-title":"Gantzer's muscle. An anatomical study of the accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus muscle","volume":"21","author":"M M al-Qattan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-78522015230200955","article-title":"Gantzer muscle. An anatomical study","volume":"23","author":"E B Caetano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ortop Bras"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref33","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Gantzer's muscle an accessory muscle of forearm\u2014its anatomical variations and clinical insight","volume":"2","author":"K K Chakravarthi","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Chemical and Lifesciences."},{"issue":"06","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20285","article-title":"A case of an accessory brachialis muscle","volume":"19","author":"M Loukas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20151469","article-title":"An accessory brachialis muscle associated with abnormal arrangement of structures in the cubital fossa: a case report","volume":"3","author":"M J Akhtar","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences."},{"issue":"296","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.morpho.2008.04.003","article-title":"Accessory brachialis muscle: a case report","volume":"92","author":"M M Pai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Morphologie"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2010.06.004","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of the elbow in athletes","volume":"29","author":"K J Stevens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2313030560","article-title":"Anterior bundle of ulnar collateral ligament: evaluation of anatomic relationships by using MR imaging, MR arthrography, and gross anatomic and histologic analysis","volume":"231","author":"M Munshi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0725-7","article-title":"The elbow: review of anatomy and common collateral ligament complex pathology using MRI","volume":"10","author":"J Acosta Batlle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.06.008","article-title":"Elbow anatomy and structural biomechanics","volume":"23","author":"J G Alcid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2006.04.006","article-title":"Normal MR imaging anatomy of the elbow","volume":"44","author":"K A Fowler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11102357","article-title":"Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: MR neurography\u2014nerve T2 signal increase and caliber","volume":"260","author":"P B\u00e4umer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref44","volume-title":"Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Radial Nerve","author":"N M Glover","year":"2020"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.2712","article-title":"Musculoskeletal sonography: important imaging pitfalls","volume":"194","author":"D A Jamadar","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00216","article-title":"Ultrasound in the evaluation of radial neuropathies at the elbow","volume":"10","author":"T G Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3109\/02844317709025519","article-title":"Entrapment of the posterior interosseous nerve","volume":"11","author":"C G Hagert","year":"1977","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0041-1729960.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T22:32:31Z","timestamp":1635373951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0041-1729960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1729960","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-7860","1098-898X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-7860","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-898X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}}}