{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:26:54Z","timestamp":1787315214606,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"S 02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objective\u2003We evaluated the usefulness of a three-dimensional (3D) interactive atlas to illustrate and teach surgical skull base anatomy in a clinical setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Study Design\u2003A highly detailed atlas of the adult human skull base was created from multiple high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans of a healthy Caucasian male. It includes the parcellated and labeled bony skull base, intra- and extracranial vasculature, cranial nerves, cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. We are reporting retrospectively on our experiences with employing the atlas for the simulation and teaching of neurosurgical approaches and concepts in a clinical setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Setting\u2003The study was conducted at the University Hospital Mainz, Germany, and Hirslanden Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Participants\u2003Medical students and neurosurgical residents participated in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results\u2003Handling the layered graphical user interface of the atlas requires some training; however, navigating the detailed 3D content from intraoperative perspectives led to quick comprehension of anatomical relationships that are otherwise difficult to perceive. Students and residents appreciated the collaborative learning effect when working with the atlas on large projected screens and markedly improved their anatomical knowledge after interacting with the software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion\u2003The skull base atlas provides an effective way to study essential surgical anatomy and to teach operative strategies in this complex region. Interactive 3D computer graphical environments are highly suitable for conveying complex anatomy and to train and review surgical concepts. They remain underutilized in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1729975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T19:03:36Z","timestamp":1622747016000},"page":"e298-e305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Operative Anatomy of the Skull Base: 3D Exploration with a Highly Detailed Interactive Atlas"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Ralf A.","family":"Kockro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eike","family":"Schwandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Ringel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Valentin","family":"Eisenring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hirslanden Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieslaw Lucjan","family":"Nowinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Paul II Center for Virtual Anatomy and Surgical Simulation, University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","first-page":"515","article-title":"The ear in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: I. 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