{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T12:08:31Z","timestamp":1774094911653,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Liver Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) constitute 5 to 15% of patients listed for liver transplantation worldwide. Although post-transplant outcomes are favorable, recurrent PSC (rPSC) occurs in an important subset of patients, with higher prevalence rates reported with increasing time from transplant. Given its association with poor graft outcomes and risk of retransplant, effort has been made to understand rPSC, its pathophysiology, and risk factors. This review covers these facets of rPSC and focuses on implicated risk factors including pretransplant recipient characteristics, inflammatory bowel-disease-related factors, and donor-specific and transplant-specific factors. Confirming a diagnosis of rPSC requires thoughtful consideration of alternative etiologies so as to ensure confidence in diagnosis, management, subsequent risk assessment, and counseling for patients. Unfortunately, no cure exists for rPSC; however, future large-scale efforts are underway to better characterize the natural history of rPSC and its associated risk factors with hopes of identifying potential key targets for novel therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1730950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T22:49:47Z","timestamp":1624920587000},"page":"409-420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recurrent Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Current Understanding, Management, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kristel K.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Deeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra E.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliya","family":"Gulamhusein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.10.870","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis: a review of its clinical features, cholangiography, and hepatic histology","volume":"21","author":"R W Chapman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317993","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology and UK-PSC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"68","author":"M H Chapman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000440705","article-title":"Worldwide incidence of autoimmune liver disease","volume":"33","author":"P Jepsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24247","article-title":"Incidence of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"N A Molodecky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2020.100202","article-title":"Geo-epidemiology and environmental co-variate mapping of primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"3","author":"J K Dyson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26565","article-title":"Population-based epidemiology, malignancy risk, and outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"58","author":"K Boonstra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660.e4","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.06.021","article-title":"Prevalence of sclerosing cholangitis detected by magnetic resonance cholangiography in patients with long-term inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"151","author":"A K Lunder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.3338","article-title":"Clinical features and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"14","author":"M-G Silveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-009-0006-6","article-title":"Small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"11","author":"E Bj\u00f6rnsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.042","article-title":"The natural history of small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"134","author":"E Bj\u00f6rnsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.5.731","article-title":"Patients with small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis have a favourable long term prognosis","volume":"51","author":"E Bj\u00f6rnsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33202","article-title":"Small-duct primary sclerosing cholangitis: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"35","author":"P Angulo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl18085","article-title":"IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"13","author":"A Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22322","article-title":"Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"48","author":"E M Hennes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2018.06.005","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis, sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis or overlap syndrome","volume":"22","author":"N Kerkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051449","article-title":"Treatment of overlap syndromes in autoimmune liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"B L Freedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.596","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"26","author":"T Kamisawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199712000-00007","article-title":"Interactions between chronic liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"3","author":"E V Loftus Jr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i6.1956","article-title":"Distinctive inflammatory bowel disease phenotype in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"21","author":"A B de Vries","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001531","article-title":"Unique inflammatory bowel disease phenotype of pediatric primary sclerosing cholangitis: a single-center study","volume":"65","author":"H Shiau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.046615","article-title":"PSC-IBD: a unique form of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"54","author":"E V Loftus Jr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.08.013","article-title":"High lifetime risk of cancer in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"50","author":"M M Claessen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.55","article-title":"Duration of inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and IBD","volume":"111","author":"A F Gulamhusein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.049","article-title":"Effects of primary sclerosing cholangitis on risks of cancer and death in people with inflammatory bowel disease, based on sex, race, and age","volume":"159","author":"P J Trivedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975.e8","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.02.038","article-title":"Patient age, sex, and inflammatory bowel disease phenotype associate with course of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"152","author":"T J Weism\u00fcller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.112","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"110","author":"K D Lindor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703063361003","article-title":"Ursodiol for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"336","author":"K D Lindor","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.156","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid is associated with the development of colorectal neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"106","author":"J E Eaton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e318286fa61","article-title":"Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid use on the risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"S Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23082","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"50","author":"K D Lindor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316801","article-title":"Effect of scheduled endoscopic dilatation of dominant strictures on outcome in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"68","author":"C Rupp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1608655","article-title":"Timing, management, and outcomes of liver transplantation in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"37","author":"E F Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.008","article-title":"Efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoradiation, followed by liver transplantation, for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma at 12 US centers","volume":"143","author":"S Darwish Murad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0156127","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156127","article-title":"Strict selection alone of patients undergoing liver transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma is associated with improved survival","volume":"11","author":"H T Mantel","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28744","article-title":"Liver transplantation for \u201cvery early\u201d intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: international retrospective study supporting a prospective assessment","volume":"64","author":"G Sapisochin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12108","article-title":"Unrecognized intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: an analysis of 993 adult cirrhotic liver explants","volume":"27","author":"M Vallin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2015.1036359","article-title":"Liver transplantation in the Nordic countries - an intention to treat and post-transplant analysis from The Nordic Liver Transplant Registry 1982-2013","volume":"50","author":"B Fosby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-014-1214-6","article-title":"Outcome stagnation of liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis in the model for end-stage liver disease era","volume":"399","author":"J Klose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22396","article-title":"Waitlist survival of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis in the model for end-stage liver disease era","volume":"17","author":"D Goldberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31821694b3","article-title":"Current trends in living donor liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"91","author":"D S Goldberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24496","article-title":"Recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis in the Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study: comparison of risk factors between living and deceased donor recipients","volume":"22","author":"F D Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.166.5.8615253","article-title":"Cholangiographic features of biliary strictures after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: evidence of recurrent disease","volume":"166","author":"R Sheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840200214","article-title":"Fibrous and obliterative cholangitis in liver allografts: evidence of recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis?","volume":"20","author":"R F Harrison","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290427","article-title":"Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation","volume":"29","author":"I W Graziadei","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000062574.18648.7C","article-title":"Liver transplantation from controlled non-heart-beating donors: an increased incidence of biliary complications","volume":"75","author":"P Abt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.04.039","article-title":"Biliary stricture is the only concern in ABO-incompatible adult living donor liver transplantation in the rituximab era","volume":"61","author":"G W Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2017.01.005","article-title":"Antibody-mediated rejection after liver transplant","volume":"46","author":"M Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-1033-x","article-title":"Prevalence of human herpesviruses in biliary fluid and their association with biliary complications after liver transplantation","volume":"19","author":"C Rauber","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21165","article-title":"Nonanastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation, part 2: management, outcome, and risk factors for disease progression","volume":"13","author":"R C Verdonk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-007-9326-x","article-title":"Biliary parasitic diseases including clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis and fascioliasis","volume":"33","author":"J H Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20948","article-title":"Recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis: clinical diagnosis and long-term management issues","volume":"12","author":"F Gordon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2009.02371.x","article-title":"Post-liver transplant cholestatic disorder with biliary strictures: de novo versus recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"59","author":"K J McPartland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-009-0898-3","article-title":"Comparative analysis of outcomes in living and deceased donor liver transplants for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"13","author":"R Kashyap","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.06.027","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of donation after circulatory death liver transplantation in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"67","author":"P J Trivedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2010.03402.x","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after living donor liver transplantation in Japanese registry","volume":"11","author":"H Egawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-018-0649-2","article-title":"Post-transplant disease recurrence in pediatric PSC","volume":"20","author":"N Soufi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2011.10.009","article-title":"Pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"25","author":"M J Pollheimer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref58","first-page":"2775","article-title":"HLA antigens in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"24","author":"K Noguchi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13835","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants","volume":"518","author":"K K-H Farh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.052","article-title":"Pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis and advances in diagnosis and management","volume":"145","author":"J E Eaton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000604","article-title":"Targeting the gut microbiome as a treatment for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a conceptional framework","volume":"115","author":"A Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P1784","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.058","article-title":"Altered gut microbial metabolism of essential nutrients in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"160","author":"M Kummen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199811270-00006","article-title":"Recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after orthotopic liver transplantation: is chronic rejection part of the disease process?","volume":"66","author":"D R Jeyarajah","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820836","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in primary sclerosing cholangitis: an analysis of patients undergoing liver transplantation","volume":"82","author":"C Miki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S236","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199904150-00941","article-title":"Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) after hepatic transplantation: single center experience with 380 grafts","volume":"67","author":"K Abu-Elmagd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21679","article-title":"A re-evaluation of the risk factors for the recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in liver allografts","volume":"15","author":"E Alabraba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/830291","article-title":"The natural history of inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation--a single-centre experience","volume":"24","author":"K J Moncrief","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11861-7","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis of liver allograft","volume":"360","author":"A Vera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15148","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: risk factors for recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation","volume":"49","author":"I C Steenstraten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24350","article-title":"Biliary strictures and recurrence after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a retrospective multicenter analysis","volume":"22","author":"T Hildebrand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181c6c09a","article-title":"IgG4+ plasma cell infiltrates in liver explants with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"34","author":"L Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.12.002","article-title":"Gut-liver immunity","volume":"64","author":"P J Trivedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28363","article-title":"Toxic bile and sclerosing cholangitis: Is there a role for pharmacological interruption of the bile acid enterohepatic circulation?","volume":"63","author":"P A Dawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22320","article-title":"Pediatric liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"17","author":"T Miloh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21260","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation","volume":"14","author":"E Cholongitas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2003.50143","article-title":"Different immunosuppressive regimens and recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation","volume":"9","author":"M Kugelmas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.07.005","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation","volume":"63","author":"R Ravikumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2017.1421705","article-title":"Risk factors and prognosis for recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation: a Nordic multicentre study","volume":"53","author":"L Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"28","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i28.3171","article-title":"Role of colectomy in preventing recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis in liver transplant recipients","volume":"24","author":"B M Buchholz","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14828","article-title":"The impact of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis on graft survival following liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"48","author":"P J Trivedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21394","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation","volume":"14","author":"J Alexander","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e334","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000000751","article-title":"Long-term prognosis and recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation: a single-center experience","volume":"3","author":"Y Ueda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplant Direct"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(99)00256-0","article-title":"Increased bile duct complications and\/or chronic rejection in crossmatch positive human liver allografts","volume":"31","author":"S Takaya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198802000-00026","article-title":"Influence of positive lymphocyte crossmatch and HLA mismatching on vanishing bile duct syndrome in human liver allografts","volume":"45","author":"K P Batts","year":"1988","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13163","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13163","article-title":"Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies are not associated with nonanastomotic biliary strictures but both are independent risk factors for graft loss after liver transplantation","volume":"32","author":"A C den Dulk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000000760","article-title":"Rituximab induction to prevent the recurrence of PSC after liver transplantation-the lessons learned from ABO-incompatible living donor liver transplantation","volume":"4","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplant Direct"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182845f6c","article-title":"Late acute liver allograft rejection; a study of its natural history and graft survival in the current era","volume":"95","author":"P H Thurairajah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250328","article-title":"Banff schema for grading liver allograft rejection: an international consensus document","volume":"25","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20444","article-title":"Recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis after liver transplantation: a magnetic resonance cholangiography study with analyses of predictive factors","volume":"11","author":"B Brandsaeter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref90","first-page":"172","article-title":"Steroid-resistant acute rejections after liver transplant","volume":"8","author":"C Aydogan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Clin Transplant"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23868","article-title":"Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in pediatric liver transplant recipients","volume":"20","author":"V L Venkat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2007.00797.x","article-title":"Lymphocyte subset reconstitution in pediatric liver recipients induced with steroid-free rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin","volume":"12","author":"A Talukdar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2006.01395.x","article-title":"Recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis after living donor liver transplantation","volume":"27","author":"S Tamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21313","article-title":"Clinically recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation: a time course","volume":"14","author":"J Campsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1053\/j.humpath.2003.07.015","article-title":"Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis: a long-term clinicopathologic study","volume":"34","author":"U Khettry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23827","article-title":"Duct-to-duct reconstruction in liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with fewer biliary complications in comparison with hepaticojejunostomy","volume":"20","author":"M E Sutton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12513","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Duct-to-duct versus Roux-en-Y biliary reconstruction following liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"28","author":"S Pandanaboyana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.21107","article-title":"Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation after neoadjuvant therapy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"13","author":"H T Mantel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i1.1","article-title":"Recurrence and rejection in liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"18","author":"B Fosby","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2016.139","article-title":"An update on endoscopic management of post-liver transplant biliary complications","volume":"50","author":"H W Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref101","first-page":"61","article-title":"A review on the management of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation","volume":"7","author":"B T Moy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.043","article-title":"Long-term impact of preventive UDCA therapy after transplantation for primary biliary cholangitis","volume":"73","author":"C Corpechot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2017221165","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-221165","article-title":"Efficacy of oral vancomycin in recurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis following liver transplantation","volume":"2017","author":"P Hey","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2016.19.3.210","article-title":"Oral vancomycin therapy in a child with primary sclerosing cholangitis and severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"19","author":"C Buness","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.254.rah","article-title":"A triple blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral vancomycin in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a pilot study","volume":"25","author":"S Rahimpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12232","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: vancomycin or metronidazole in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis - a pilot study","volume":"37","author":"J H Tabibian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001725","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of de novo cancers (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"101","author":"M A Mouchli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000058744.34965.38","article-title":"Colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"75","author":"A Vera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz325","article-title":"Activity of inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis predicts poorer clinical outcomes","volume":"26","author":"M Peverelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02677.x","article-title":"The impact of inflammatory bowel disease post-liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"33","author":"D Joshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx096","article-title":"Natural history of established and de novo inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"24","author":"M A Mouchli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0041-1730950.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T22:47:47Z","timestamp":1627512467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0041-1730950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1730950","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-8087","1098-8971"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-8087","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8971","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]}}}