{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:32:36Z","timestamp":1777905156788,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Lab Physicians"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nitrofurantoin is the first-line drug in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and its use has increased exponentially in recent years.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Objectives This study aims to determine the susceptibility pattern of nitrofurantoin in gram-negative urinary isolates and to evaluate their bacteriological and epidemiological profile along with co-existing resistance to other important urinary antimicrobials.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Material and Methods This was a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi in which 500 gram-negative bacterial urinary isolates were evaluated. Records of antimicrobial susceptibility were reviewed from July to September 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar and interpreted using CLSI 2019. Test for extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) producers was done using double disk approximation test.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Statistical Analysis Data analysis was performed using the SPSS windows version 25.0 software.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results Out of total 500 isolates, 20.17% (94) isolates were resistant (R) to nitrofurantoin and 9.01% (42) were found to be intermediate (I). Highest resistance was seen in Klebsiella sp. (44.61%) and Escherichia coli (8.12%). About 28.82% of the I\/R isolates were of the pediatrics age group and most of the isolates belonged to females (64.69%). High resistance was also seen against ampicillin (92.30%), cefazolin (88.46%), ceftazidime (73.0%), and fluoroquinolones (65.38%). Carbapenemase co-resistance was seen in 57.15% isolates whereas ESBL production was seen in 30.76% of E. coli and 12.06% of Klebsiella sp.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion Increase in multidrug resistance uropathogens along with a near absence of novel oral antibiotics has led to increased consumption of nitrofurantoin since its resistance has increased.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T22:50:13Z","timestamp":1625611813000},"page":"252-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Nitrofurantoin Susceptibility Pattern in Gram-Negative Urinary Isolates: In Need of Increased Vigilance"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Garima","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjib","family":"Gogoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonal","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ravinder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megh Singh","family":"Dhakad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2086_17","article-title":"Susceptibility profile, resistance mechanisms & efficacy ratios of fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin & colistin for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infections","volume":"149","author":"A U Amladi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg028","article-title":"An international survey of the antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens from uncomplicated urinary tract infections: the ECO.SENS Project","volume":"51","author":"G Kahlmeter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4103\/1755-6783.162646","article-title":"Evaluation of nitrofurantoin activity against the urinary isolates in the current scenario of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"8","author":"R M Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.167350","article-title":"Advantage and limitations of nitrofurantoin in multi-drug resistant Indian scenario","volume":"33","author":"L Shakti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics3010039","article-title":"Role of old antibiotics in the era of antibiotic resistance. 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International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"52","author":"K Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.173118","article-title":"Evaluation of bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity patterns in children with urinary tract infection: a prospective study from a tertiary care center","volume":"32","author":"R Badhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Urol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06060-11","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial resistance of urinary Escherichia coli isolates among U.S. outpatients from 2000 to 2010","volume":"56","author":"G V Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.013","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli from community-acquired urinary tract infections in Europe: the ECO\u00b7SENS study revisited","volume":"39","author":"G Kahlmeter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv147","article-title":"Nitrofurantoin revisited: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"70","author":"A Huttner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn222","article-title":"Nitrofurantoin resistance mechanism and fitness cost in Escherichia coli","volume":"62","author":"L Sandegren","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref18","first-page":"537","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated OqxAB is an important mechanism for nitrofurantoin resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"60","author":"P-L Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO293","DOI":"10.4155\/fsoa-2017-0156","article-title":"Genomic insights into nitrofurantoin resistance mechanisms and epidemiology in clinical Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"4","author":"J Osei Sekyere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.210012","article-title":"Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital of North Eastern Karnataka","volume":"8","author":"S R Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biol Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.196","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in pathogens causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in India: a multicenter study","volume":"2","author":"A Kothari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"}],"container-title":["Journal of Laboratory Physicians"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0041-1731106.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T08:18:57Z","timestamp":1703405937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jlabphy.org\/nitrofurantoin-susceptibility-pattern-in-gram-negative-urinary-isolates-in-need-of-increased-vigilance\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1731106","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-2727","0974-7826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-2727","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-7826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]}}}