{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T18:19:03Z","timestamp":1785867543443,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Lab Physicians"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction\u2003The growing resistance pattern of the gram-positive pathogens along with a steady increase in minimum inhibitory concentration of the currently available antibiotics have led to an increase in morbidity and mortality rates in India. This study aims to access the shifting antibiotic susceptibility paradigm of the gram-positive pathogens in various infections at a tertiary care center.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003This is a 3-year retrospective observational study which was performed from January 2016 to December 2018 at a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai. All clinically significant gram-positive cocci isolated from a variety of clinical specimens were studied for their prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Out of 4,428 gram-positive isolates, Staphylococcus aureus (35.3%) was the commonly encountered pathogen, followed by Enterococcus spp. (32.1%) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (25.7%). S. aureus was majorly isolated from skin and soft tissue infections (60.3%), followed by patients with respiratory tract infections (18.2%) and blood stream infections (13%). Among S. aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), prevalence increased from 29.5% in 2016 to 35.1% in 2018, with an overall prevalence of 33.6%. All S. aureus isolates were 100% sensitive toward vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, and teicoplanin. However, the CoNS isolates showed a higher resistance rate with reduced susceptibility toward linezolid and teicoplanin. High prevalence of resistance was observed across gram-positive isolates with commonly used antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and erythromycin. While the prevalence of linezolid-resistant enterococcus (LRE) was 3.6%, vancomycin (VRE) and teicoplanin resistance among the enterococcus species was as high as 7.7% and 7.5%, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Rising methicillin resistance among the Staphylococcal species (MRSA and MR-CoNS) along with reduced susceptibility toward currently available anti-MRSA agents is a matter of serious concern as it limits the therapeutic options for treating multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-positive infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]],"date-time":"2021-07-03T00:05:52Z","timestamp":1625270752000},"page":"109-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Gram-Positive Pathogens: Three-Year Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mumbai, India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sweta","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritika","family":"Rampal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Affairs, Wockhardt Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Thakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushima","family":"Poojary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Ladi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20173306","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: the next big pandemic","volume":"4","author":"D Chaudhry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_331_18","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in the environment: the Indian scenario","volume":"149","author":"N Taneja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70780-7","article-title":"Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data","volume":"14","author":"T P Van Boeckel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","article-title":"Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015","volume":"115","author":"E Y Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1086\/379321","article-title":"Is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus more virulent than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus? 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