{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:25:07Z","timestamp":1791973507881,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Carpal stability depends on the integrity of both intra-articular and intracapsular carpal ligaments. In this review, the role of the radial-sided and ulnar-sided extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments is described, as well as their advanced imaging using magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with three-dimensional (3D) scapholunate complex sequences and thin slices. In the last decade, the new concept of a so-called \u201cscapholunate complex\u201d has emerged among hand surgeons, just as the triangular ligament became known as the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC).<\/jats:p><jats:p>The scapholunate ligament complex comprises the intrinsic scapholunate (SL), the extrinsic palmar radiocarpal: radioscaphocapitate (RSC), long radiolunate (LRL), short radiolunate (SRL) ligaments, the extrinsic dorsal radiocarpal (DRC) ligament, the dorsal intercarpal (DIC) ligament, as well as the dorsal capsular scapholunate septum (DCSS), a more recently described anatomical structure, and the intrinsic palmar midcarpal scaphotrapeziotrapezoid (STT) ligament complex. The scapholunate (SL) ligament complex is one of the most involved in wrist injuries. Its stability depends on primary (SL ligament) and secondary (RSC, DRC, DIC, STT ligaments) stabilizers.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The gold standard for carpal ligament assessment is still diagnostic arthroscopy for many hand surgeons. To avoid surgery as a diagnostic procedure, advanced MRI is needed to detect associated lesions (sprains, midsubstance tears, avulsions and chronic fibrous infiltrations) of the extrinsic, midcarpal and intrinsic wrist ligaments, which are demonstrated in this article using 3D and two-dimensional sequences with thin slices (0.4 and 2\u2009mm thick, respectively).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:48:13Z","timestamp":1628556493000},"page":"311-328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Extrinsic and Intrinsic Ligaments of the Wrist"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Shahabpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiem","family":"Abid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Van Overstraeten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand and Foot Surgery Unit, Tournai and Department of Hand Surgery, H\u00f4pital Universitaire Erasme, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kjell","family":"Van Royen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"De Maeseneer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (Vrije Universiteit Brussel), Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01630897","article-title":"The capsular ligaments of the wrist: morphology, morphometry and clinical applications","volume":"21","author":"V Feipel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0161-1","article-title":"Carpal instability","volume":"16","author":"R Schmitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Normal wrist arthroscopy","author":"G Dautel","year":"2013"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2383050013","article-title":"Association between extrinsic and intrinsic carpal ligament injuries at MR arthrography and carpal instability at radiography: initial observations","volume":"238","author":"N H Theumann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Carpal biomechanics: application to ligamentous injuries","author":"E Camus","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Arthroscopic anatomy and lesions of the extrinsic ligaments","author":"L Van Overstraeten","year":"2013"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0b013e3182a93e86","article-title":"A systematic method of arthroscopic testing of extrinsic carpal ligaments: implication in carpal stability","volume":"17","author":"L Van Overstraeten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2015.09.004","article-title":"The role of extrinsic ligaments in maintaining carpal stability\u2014a prospective statistical analysis of 85 arthroscopic cases","volume":"35","author":"L Van Overstraeten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197254080-00003","article-title":"Traumatic instability of the wrist. 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