{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T14:35:36Z","timestamp":1775918136893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","funder":[{"name":"Foundation of Science and Technology","award":["20190101006JH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190101006JH"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Qingyuan People's Hospital","award":["20190220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190220"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20200201482JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200201482JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Liver Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a newly identified inhibitory cytokine. It has recently been found to play an extremely important role in chronic hepatitis B disease, which makes it likely to be a target for new therapies for hepatitis B malady. IL-35 modulates a variety of immune mechanisms to cause persistent viral infections, such as affecting the ratio of helper T cells, reducing the activity of cytotoxic T cells, hindering the antigen presentation capacity for dendritic cells, and increasing the transcription level of hepatitis B virus. On the other hand, IL-35 can control the inflammation caused by hepatitis B liver injury. Therefore, to seek a breakthrough in curing hepatitis B disease, the contradictory part of IL-35 in the occurrence and development of this sickness is worthy of further discussion and research. This article will systematically review the biological effects of IL-35 and the specific mechanisms affecting the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1731708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T22:58:37Z","timestamp":1625698717000},"page":"516-524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Mechanism of Interleukin-35 in Chronic Hepatitis B"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Core Medical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanlan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"308","article-title":"Towards elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030","volume":"388","author":"The Lancet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00049","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus","volume":"1","author":"H Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13027","article-title":"Direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection: optimizing current IFN-free treatment and future perspectives","volume":"36","author":"T Asselah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06940.x","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis and prognostic immune markers of chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"27","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12439","article-title":"Immunobiology of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"45","author":"M Isogawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2366","article-title":"IL-12 family cytokines: immunological playmakers","volume":"13","author":"D A Vignali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2016.10.005","article-title":"Role of interleukin-23 in monocyte-derived dendritic cells of HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure and its correlation with the severity of liver damage","volume":"41","author":"S Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.01.004","article-title":"Activation of TNF-\u03b1-AID axis and co-inhibitory signals in coordination with Th1-type immunity in a mouse model recapitulating hepatitis B","volume":"139","author":"T Matsumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33628","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033628","article-title":"IL-35 is a novel responsive anti-inflammatory cytokine\u2014a new system of categorizing anti-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"7","author":"X Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06306","article-title":"The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function","volume":"450","author":"L W Collison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.47","article-title":"Overexpression of interleukin-35 associates with hepatocellular carcinoma aggressiveness and recurrence after curative resection","volume":"114","author":"Y P Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.95","article-title":"Autoimmunity: regulatory B cells--IL-35 and IL-21 regulate the regulators","volume":"10","author":"T F Tedder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12979","article-title":"IL-35-producing B cells are critical regulators of immunity during autoimmune and infectious diseases","volume":"507","author":"P Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00098","article-title":"Interleukin-35-producing CD8\u03b1+ dendritic cells acquire a tolerogenic state and regulate T cell function","volume":"8","author":"S Haller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.10.015","article-title":"The effect of interleukin-35 on the integrity, ICAM-1 expression and apoptosis of human aortic smooth muscle cells","volume":"67","author":"W Skowron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6898","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.6898","article-title":"Human CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells do not constitutively express IL-35","volume":"181","author":"E Bardel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2811","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-induced lipid alterations contribute to natural killer T cell-dependent protective immunity","volume":"18","author":"S Zeissig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"125","article-title":"Transcriptional regulatory networks for CD4 T cell differentiation","volume":"381","author":"D Christie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-019-0891-4","article-title":"Treg\/Th17 imbalance and its clinical significance in patients with hepatitis B-associated liver cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Y T Lan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0120-4","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease","volume":"19","author":"M Dominguez-Villar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2554","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: recommendations to simplify the nomenclature","volume":"14","author":"A K Abbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2018.1451514","article-title":"FOXP3+ Treg as a therapeutic target for promoting anti-tumor immunity","volume":"22","author":"T L Whiteside","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2061","article-title":"FOXP3 modifies the phenotypic and functional properties of regulatory T cells","volume":"7","author":"D J Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.035","article-title":"The orphan nuclear receptor RORgammat directs the differentiation program of proinflammatory IL-17+ T helper cells","volume":"126","author":"I I Ivanov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.05.003","article-title":"Diverse targets of the transcription factor STAT3 contribute to T cell pathogenicity and homeostasis","volume":"32","author":"L Durant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E112","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9090112","article-title":"Most do, but some do not: CD4+CD25- T cells, but not CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, are cytolytic when redirected by a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)","volume":"9","author":"A A Hombach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.12.004","article-title":"Th17 and regulatory T cell balance in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"13","author":"M Noack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040391","article-title":"IL-6: regulator of Treg\/Th17 balance","volume":"40","author":"A Kimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3198","article-title":"Regulation and function of mTOR signalling in T cell fate decisions","volume":"12","author":"H Chi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.04.067","article-title":"Rapamycin modulate Treg\/Th17 balance via regulating metabolic pathways: a study in mice","volume":"51","author":"J Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737810","article-title":"IL-35 is a novel cytokine with therapeutic effects against collagen-induced arthritis through the expansion of regulatory T cells and suppression of Th17 cells","volume":"37","author":"W Niedbala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2014.0058","article-title":"Levels of interleukin-35 and its relationship with regulatory T-cells in chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"28","author":"Y Y Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2227","article-title":"The composition and signaling of the IL-35 receptor are unconventional","volume":"13","author":"L W Collison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1952","article-title":"IL-35-mediated induction of a potent regulatory T cell population","volume":"11","author":"L W Collison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0246-1","article-title":"IL-35 is critical in suppressing superantigenic Staphylococcus aureus-driven inflammatory Th17 responses in human nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue","volume":"13","author":"R Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2999","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2999","article-title":"Effect of interleukin (IL)-35 on IL-17 expression and production by human CD4+ T cells","volume":"5","author":"K Okada","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838145","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 negatively regulates IL-17, IL-22 and RORgamma t","volume":"38","author":"J Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1261","article-title":"A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17","volume":"6","author":"H Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.06.002","article-title":"The expression of a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-35 and its possible significance in childhood asthma","volume":"162","author":"Y Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5165","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.5165","article-title":"CD8 T cell clonal expansion and development of effector function require prolonged exposure to antigen, costimulation, and signal 3 cytokine","volume":"171","author":"J M Curtsinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601146","article-title":"T-cell tolerance or function is determined by combinatorial costimulatory signals","volume":"25","author":"R Nurieva","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"31","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51936","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17232","article-title":"PD1 signal transduction pathways in T cells","volume":"8","author":"H Arasanz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-109","article-title":"Natural regulatory T cells inhibit production of cytotoxic molecules in CD8+ T cells during low-level Friend retrovirus infection","volume":"10","author":"G Zelinskyy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.100201.131730","article-title":"Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity","volume":"20","author":"J H Russell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.08.040","article-title":"Independent roles of perforin, granzymes, and Fas in the control of Friend retrovirus infection","volume":"330","author":"G Zelinskyy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-012017-043208","article-title":"CD8 T cell exhaustion in chronic infection and cancer: opportunities for interventions","volume":"69","author":"M Hashimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.005","article-title":"Restoration of HBV-specific CD8+ T cell function by PD-1 blockade in inactive carrier patients is linked to T cell differentiation","volume":"61","author":"B Bengsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3862","article-title":"Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion","volume":"15","author":"E J Wherry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5396","article-title":"CD28 family of receptors on T cells in chronic HBV infection: expression characteristics, clinical significance and correlations with PD-1 blockade","volume":"14","author":"Z S Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1443","article-title":"The function of programmed cell death 1 and its ligands in regulating autoimmunity and infection","volume":"8","author":"A H Sharpe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.07.038","article-title":"PD-1 upregulation is associated with HBV-specific T cell dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"45","author":"G Peng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331","article-title":"PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity","volume":"26","author":"M E Keir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3614","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06077-w","article-title":"Interleukin-35 suppresses CD8+ T cell activity in patients with viral hepatitis-induced acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"65","author":"L Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.01.013","article-title":"Interleukin-35 limits anti-tumor immunity","volume":"44","author":"M E Turnis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0770-2","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating PD-L1 expression on tumor and immune cells","volume":"7","author":"S Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07581-4","article-title":"Molecular and functional heterogeneity of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells","volume":"9","author":"L Brockmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20140511","article-title":"IL-35 inhibits HBV antigen-specific IFN-\u03b3-producing CTLs in vitro","volume":"129","author":"X Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00062-4","article-title":"Phenotypic analysis of circulating and intrahepatic dendritic cell subsets in patients with chronic liver diseases","volume":"36","author":"H Kunitani","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2003.01699.x","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-induced defect of monocyte-derived dendritic cells leads to impaired T helper type 1 response in vitro: mechanisms for viral immune escape","volume":"109","author":"S Beckebaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2004.03.003","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of hepatitis B surface antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in human volunteers","volume":"29","author":"S M Fazle Akbar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.08.004","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of dendritic cell-based immunization against HBV in transgenic mice","volume":"77","author":"W Z Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.01.038","article-title":"Autologus dendritic cell vaccine for chronic hepatitis B carriers: a pilot, open label, clinical trial in human volunteers","volume":"28","author":"J Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30637","article-title":"Characteristics of impaired dendritic cell function in patients with hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"70","author":"A Yonejima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2004.00497.x","article-title":"Selective functional deficit in dendritic cell--T cell interaction is a crucial mechanism in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"11","author":"B J Zheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5227","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103382","article-title":"IL-27 production and STAT3-dependent upregulation of B7-H1 mediate immune regulatory functions of liver plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"188","author":"B M Matta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref66","first-page":"169","article-title":"Impaired function of antigen-presenting dendritic cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B: localization of HBV DNA and HBV RNA in blood DC by in situ hybridization","volume":"11","author":"S Arima","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21048","article-title":"Dendritic cells take up viral antigens but do not support the early steps of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"43","author":"A Untergasser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02896.x","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus surface antigen impairs myeloid dendritic cell function: a possible immune escape mechanism of hepatitis B virus","volume":"126","author":"M L Op den Brouw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2002.5245","article-title":"Reduction in the circulating pDC1\/pDC2 ratio and impaired function of ex vivo-generated DC1 in chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"104","author":"S Beckebaum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12888","article-title":"Human dendritic cell subsets: an update","volume":"154","author":"M Collin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.03.008","article-title":"Interleukin 35: Inhibitory regulator in monocyte-derived dendritic cell maturation and activation","volume":"108","author":"X Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3554","article-title":"Interleukin-35 induces regulatory B cells that suppress autoimmune disease","volume":"20","author":"R X Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v7.i4.537","article-title":"Dysfunction of peripheral blood dendritic cells from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"7","author":"F S Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.01.027","article-title":"Overview of hepatitis B viral replication and genetic variability","volume":"64","author":"S Tong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra031087","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection\u2014natural history and clinical consequences","volume":"350","author":"D Ganem","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E160","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020160","article-title":"Host transcription factors in hepatitis B virus RNA synthesis","volume":"12","author":"K L Turton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i2.425","article-title":"Core promoter: a critical region where the hepatitis B virus makes decisions","volume":"20","author":"J Quarleri","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.7.2708","article-title":"Regulation of hepatitis B virus gene expression by its two enhancers","volume":"89","author":"H Su","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.08.033","article-title":"Identification of Slug and SOX7 as transcriptional repressors binding to the hepatitis B virus core promoter","volume":"68","author":"H L Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.01.014","article-title":"HBV core promoter mutations promote cellular proliferation through E2F1-mediated upregulation of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 transcription","volume":"58","author":"Y Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001050","article-title":"Interleukin-35 stimulates hepatitis B virus transcription and replication by targeting transcription factor HNF4\u03b1","volume":"99","author":"N N Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089769","article-title":"Control of pancreas and liver gene expression by HNF transcription factors","volume":"303","author":"D T Odom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01315.x","article-title":"Control of hepatitis B virus at the level of transcription","volume":"17","author":"M Quasdorff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6908","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.13.6908-6914.2004","article-title":"Regulation of hepatitis B virus core promoter by transcription factors HNF1 and HNF4 and the viral X protein","volume":"78","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2013.7.5.569","article-title":"Impact of nucleotide mutations at the HNF3- and HNF4-binding sites in enhancer 1 on viral replication in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"7","author":"E Y Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.04.037","article-title":"Stimulated human peripheral T cells produce high amounts of IL-35 protein in a proliferation-dependent manner","volume":"64","author":"K Guttek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-019-0217-z","article-title":"IL-35 alleviates inflammation progression in a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain via inhibition of JNK signaling","volume":"16","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Inflamm (Lond)"},{"issue":"31","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19307","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.663286","article-title":"Interleukin-35 inhibits endothelial cell activation by suppressing MAPK-AP-1 pathway","volume":"290","author":"X Sha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600446","article-title":"IL-35 decelerates the inflammatory process by regulating inflammatory cytokine secretion and M1\/M2 macrophage ratio in psoriasis","volume":"197","author":"J Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13428","article-title":"IL-35 recombinant protein reverses inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis through regulation of inflammatory cytokines and immune cells","volume":"22","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.06.003","article-title":"IL-35, as a newly proposed homeostasis-associated molecular pattern, plays three major functions including anti-inflammatory initiator, effector, and blocker in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"122","author":"X Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00472","article-title":"Interleukin-35 suppresses antiviral immune response in chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"7","author":"X Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.02.048","article-title":"Elevated interleukin-35 suppresses liver inflammation by regulation of T helper 17 cells in acute hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"70","author":"D K Teng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0663-1","article-title":"HMGB1\/RAGE induces IL-17 expression to exaggerate inflammation in peripheral blood cells of hepatitis B patients","volume":"13","author":"J Jhun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-8-40","article-title":"Expression of interleukin-17 associated with disease progression and liver fibrosis with hepatitis B virus infection: IL-17 in HBV infection","volume":"8","author":"W J Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903133","article-title":"IL-17 activates the canonical NF-kappaB signaling pathway in autoimmune B cells of BXD2 mice to upregulate the expression of regulators of G-protein signaling 16","volume":"184","author":"S Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20184","article-title":"Interleukin 22 (IL-22) plays a protective role in T cell-mediated murine hepatitis: IL-22 is a survival factor for hepatocytes via STAT3 activation","volume":"39","author":"S Radaeva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00959","article-title":"Interleukin-35 attenuates D-galactosamine\/lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury via enhancing interleukin-10 production in Kupffer cells","volume":"9","author":"X F Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.02.003","article-title":"IL-35 expression in peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells from chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients directly correlates with virus load","volume":"73","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2681","article-title":"Function of interleukin-17 and -35 in the blood of patients with hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis","volume":"11","author":"M Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0041-1731708.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T19:54:49Z","timestamp":1699214089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0041-1731708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1731708","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-8087","1098-8971"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-8087","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8971","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]}}}