{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:06:43Z","timestamp":1792724803367,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective\u2003This study aimed to investigate human fetal exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) by analyzing amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Study Design\u2003Concentrations of four NNS (acesulfame-potassium [ace-K], saccharin, steviol glucuronide, and sucralose) were measured in amniotic fluid (n\u2009=\u200913) and cord blood samples (n\u2009=\u200915) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Amniotic fluid samples were obtained for research purposes at the time of term elective cesarean birth or clinically indicated third trimester amnioreduction at Mercy Hospital for Women (Melbourne, Australia). All except four women were in the fasting state. Cord blood samples were obtained from an independent cohort of newborns whose mothers were enrolled in a separate clinical trial at the National Institutes of Health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results\u2003Ten of 13 amniotic fluid samples contained at least one NNS (ace-K, saccharin, steviol glucuronide, and\/or sucralose). Maximum amniotic fluid NNS concentrations of ace-K, saccharin, steviol glucuronide, and sucralose were 78.9, 55.9, 93.5, and 30.6\u2009ng\/mL, respectively. Ace-K and saccharin were present in 100% and 80% of the cord blood samples, with maximal concentrations of 6.5 and 2.7\u2009ng\/mL, respectively. Sucralose was not detected and steviol glucuronide was not measurable in any of the cord blood samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion\u2003Our results provide evidence of human transplacental transmission of NNS. Based on results predominantly obtained from rodent models, we speculate that NNS exposure may adversely influence the offsprings' metabolic health. Well-designed, prospective clinical trials are necessary to understand the impact of NNS intake during pregnancy on human development and long-term health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Key Points<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1735555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T18:36:51Z","timestamp":1631212611000},"page":"1286-1291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Non-Nutritive Sweeteners in Human Amniotic Fluid and Cord Blood: Evidence of Transplacental Fetal Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Brianna C.","family":"Halasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison C.","family":"Sylvetsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen M.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen L.","family":"Shouppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary F.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina I.","family":"Rother","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 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