{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T03:28:52Z","timestamp":1777001332307,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NIAMS","award":["R01AR068278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR068278"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Wrist Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003The purpose of the study was to examine the coverage of thenar and hypothenar muscles on the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) in the radioulnar direction through in vivo ultrasound imaging of the carpal tunnel. We hypothesized that the TCL distance covered by the thenar muscle would be greater than that by the hypothenar muscle, and that total muscle coverage on the TCL would be greater than the TCL-alone region.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003Ultrasound videos of human wrist were collected on 20 healthy subjects. Automated algorithms were used to extract the distal cross-sectional image of the trapezium-hamate level. Manual tracing of the anatomical features was conducted.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Thenar muscles covered a significantly larger distance (11.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8\u2009mm) as compared with hypothenar muscles (1.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u2009mm) (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The TCL covered by thenar and hypothenar muscles was greater than the TCL-alone length (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The thenar and hypothenar muscle coverage on the TCL, as normalized to the total TCL length, was 61.0\u2009\u00b1\u20097.5%.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusions\u2003More than 50% of the TCL at the distal carpal tunnel is covered by thenar and hypothenar muscles. Knowledge of muscular attachments to the TCL improves our understanding of carpal tunnel syndrome etiology and can guide carpal tunnel release surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1735887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T23:41:13Z","timestamp":1633131673000},"page":"150-153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Thenar and Hypothenar Muscle Coverage on the Transverse Carpal Ligament"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Farah","family":"Alsafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9636-7012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zong-Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01273.2012","article-title":"Biomechanical interaction between the transverse carpal ligament and the thenar muscles","volume":"114","author":"Z L Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21539","article-title":"The gliding characteristics of the flexor pollicis longus tendon in the carpal tunnel: potential implications for manual pipette users","volume":"30","author":"Y Morizaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0150174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150174","article-title":"Adaptation of the transverse carpal ligament associated with repetitive hand use in pianists","volume":"11","author":"C Mhanna","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06416-0","article-title":"Carpal tunnel ultrasound: is the \u201csafe zone\u201d on the ulnar side of the median nerve really avascular?","volume":"30","author":"A C Sergeant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000270305.37677.e7","article-title":"Anatomical relationships among the median nerve thenar branch, superficial palmar arch, and transverse carpal ligament","volume":"120","author":"J M Sacks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193408097322","article-title":"An ultrasonographic and anatomical study of carpal tunnel, with special emphasis on the safe zones in percutaneous release","volume":"34","author":"T C Chern","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000902","article-title":"Anatomic relationship between the hook of the hamate and the distal transverse carpal ligament","volume":"97","author":"T T Sytsma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsb.2005.04.019","article-title":"The origins of the thenar and hypothenar muscles","volume":"30","author":"J Kung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23558","article-title":"Biometry of thenar muscle origins on the flexor retinaculum","volume":"33","author":"J Loss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0217425","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217425","article-title":"Sex-related differences in carpal arch morphology","volume":"14","author":"K Lakshminarayanan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3233\/BIR-1982-19302","article-title":"Mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments. 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The relationships of immobilization and exercise on tissue remodeling","volume":"19","author":"S L-Y Woo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650019","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218957716500196","article-title":"Thickness and stiffness adaptations of the transverse carpal ligament associated with carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"19","author":"T L Marquardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2353(1996)9:2<100::AID-CA2>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Biomechanical alterations in the carpal arch and hand muscles after carpal tunnel release: a further approach toward understanding the function of the flexor retinaculum and the cause of postoperative grip weakness","volume":"9","author":"F K Fuss","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00052-4","article-title":"Biomechanical and anatomical consequences of carpal tunnel release","volume":"18","author":"J J Brooks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Wrist Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0041-1735887.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:07:03Z","timestamp":1650931623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0041-1735887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1735887","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2163-3916","2163-3924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2163-3916","type":"print"},{"value":"2163-3924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}}}