{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T23:14:48Z","timestamp":1778109288649,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Homeopathy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003The critical task of researchers conducting double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled homeopathic pathogenetic trials is to segregate the signals from the noises. The noises are signs and symptoms due to factors other than the trial drug; signals are signs and symptoms due to the trial drug. Unfortunately, the existing tools (criteria for a causal association of symptoms only with the tested medicine, qualitative pathogenetic index, quantitative pathogenetic index, pathogenic index) have limitations in analyzing the symptoms of the placebo group as a comparator, resulting in inadequate segregation of the noises. Hence, the Jaccard similarity index and the Noise index are proposed for analyzing the symptoms of the placebo group as a comparator.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003The Jaccard similarity index is the ratio of the number of common elements among the placebo and intervention groups to the aggregated number of elements in these groups. The Noise index is the ratio of common elements among the placebo and intervention group to the total elements of the intervention group. Homeopathic pathogenetic trials of Plumbum metallicum, Piper methysticum and Hepatitis C nosode were selected for experimenting with the computation of the Jaccard similarity index and the Noise index.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Jaccard similarity index calculations show that 8% of Plumbum metallicum's elements, 10.7% of Piper methysticum's elements, and 19.3% of Hepatitis C nosode's elements were similar to the placebo group when elements of both the groups (intervention and placebo) were aggregated. Noise index calculations show that 10.7% of Plumbum metallicum's elements, 13.9% of Piper methysticum's elements and 25.7% of Hepatitis C nosode's elements were similar to those of the placebo group.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003The Jaccard similarity index and the Noise index might be considered an additional approach for analyzing the symptoms of the placebo group as a comparator, resulting in better noise segregation in homeopathic pathogenetic trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1735983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T23:55:32Z","timestamp":1640649332000},"page":"176-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Attempt to Estimate the Noises in Homeopathic Pathogenetic Trials by Employing the Jaccard Similarity Index and Noise Index"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6150-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurian","family":"Poruthukaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Repertory, Father Muller Homeopathic Medical College, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Organon of Medicine\u2014A New Translation","author":"S Hahnemann","year":"1982","edition":"1st ed."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-0785(96)80007-X","article-title":"How can we get more reliable information from homoeopathic pathogenetic trials? A critique of provings","volume":"85","author":"F Dantas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br Homeopath J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.homp.2007.08.004","article-title":"Authors' response: we must distinguish symptoms caused by the medicine from other symptoms","volume":"96","author":"F Dantas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(79)90012-2","article-title":"Bias in analytic research","volume":"32","author":"D L Sackett","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.homp.2005.02.009","article-title":"Classical and new proving methodology: provings of Plumbum metallicum and Piper methysticum and comparison with a classical proving of Plumbum metallicum","volume":"94","author":"A Signorini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1668536","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative pathogenetic indices for review of data derived from homeopathic pathogenetic trials","volume":"107","author":"R Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1054\/homp.1999.0476","article-title":"Homeopathic pathogenetic trials of Acidum malicum and Acidum ascorbicum","volume":"90","author":"P Fisher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br Homeopath J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1981.154","article-title":"A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions","volume":"30","author":"C A Naranjo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1002\/int.21990","article-title":"New similarity measures of intuitionistic fuzzy sets based on the Jaccard index with its application to clustering","volume":"33","author":"C-M Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Intell Syst"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1912.tb05611.x","article-title":"The distribution of the flora in the Alpine zone","volume":"11","author":"P Jaccard","year":"1912","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Therapeutic Pocket Book","author":"C Von Boenninghausen","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-020-00660-9","article-title":"A comparative analysis of similarity measures akin to the Jaccard index in collaborative recommendations: empirical and theoretical perspective","volume":"10","author":"V Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Netw Analysis Min"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.2307\/2320280","article-title":"Introductory combinatorics","volume":"87","author":"B C Berndt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am Math Mon"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.homp.2013.02.002","article-title":"Hepatitis C nosode: the preparation and homeopathic pathogenetic trial","volume":"102","author":"R Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.homp.2007.08.016","article-title":"We need repetition of HPTs","volume":"96","author":"A Signorini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1800","volume-title":"The Guiding Symptoms of Our Materia Medica","author":"C Hering","year":"1879"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1504023","article-title":"Placebo effects in medicine","volume":"373","author":"T J Kaptchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Homeopathy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0041-1735983.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T23:10:09Z","timestamp":1658531409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0041-1735983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1735983","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-4916","1476-4245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-4916","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]}}}