{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T01:25:33Z","timestamp":1779240333272,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation with Applications","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Pediatr Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Use of inter-pupillary distance (IPD) for objective evaluation of ocular hypertelorism and hypotelorism is recommended to corroborate diagnosis of syndromic conditions. In view of complete absence of serial data on growth of IPD, this study aims to unfold auxological dynamics of IPD in Down syndrome (DS) children of Indian origin. Inner canthal distance (ICD) and outer canthal distance (OCD) were measured on a total of 1,125 (male: 752, female: 373) DS children, aged 0 to 3 months to 10 years at 6 monthly age intervals using a \u201cDigimatic Sliding Caliper\u201d in the Growth Laboratory\/Growth Clinic of the Institute. Using Feingold and Bossert (1974) formula, IPD at each age was calculated from ICD and OCD measured among male and female DS children. IPD, like OCD and ICD increased un-interruptedly among DS children. IPD grew rapidly up to 5 years thereafter, its rapidity became slower. Boys in general, possessed larger IPD than girls, however, gender differences became statistically significant up to first 4 years of life. Our study children possessed significantly smaller IPD as compared with their normal Indian counterparts. None of our DS children depicted ocular hypertelorism while hypotelorism, was noticed amongst 4.9% male and 16.8% female DS patients. Comparison with normative IPD data failed to establish existence of ocular hypertelorism in DS children (&lt;10 years) of north-western Indian origin. Use of age and gender-specific data presented for IPD of DS children may be made for comparative purpose to ascertain inter-population variability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1736612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T19:28:01Z","timestamp":1635535681000},"page":"123-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Growth Pattern and Use of Inter-pupillary Distance in the Detection of Ocular Hypertelorism and Hypotelorism in Indian Down Syndrome Children"],"prefix":"10.53391","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4998-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil Kumar","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Growth and Anthropology Unit and Genetics and Metabolic Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1991-0584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harvinder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Growth and Anthropology Unit and Genetics and Metabolic Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupinder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Growth and Anthropology Unit and Genetics and Metabolic Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inusha","family":"Panigrahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Growth and Anthropology Unit and Genetics and Metabolic Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brij Nandan Singh","family":"Walia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"31409","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21583","article-title":"Morphological integration of soft-tissue facial morphology in Down syndrome and siblings","volume":"146","author":"J Starbuck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200205000-00002","article-title":"Surface anatomy of the face in Down's syndrome: age-related changes of anthropometric proportion indices in the craniofacial 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