{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T12:49:18Z","timestamp":1759495758916,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Glob Med Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder and develops after exposure to life-threatening traumatic experiences. The risk factors of PTSD included genetic factors; alterations in hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis; neurotrophic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and catecholaminergic systems; and a variety of environmental factors, such as war, accident, natural disaster, pandemic, physical, or sexual abuse, that cause stress or trauma in individuals. To be able to understand the molecular background of PTSD, rodent animal models are widely used by researchers. When looking for a solution for PTSD, it is important to consider preexisting genetic risk factors and physiological, molecular, and biochemical processes caused by trauma that may cause susceptibility to this disorder. In studies, it is reported that epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in the biological response affected by environmental factors, as well as the task of programming cell identity. In this article, we provided an overview of the role of epigenetic modifications in understanding the biology of PTSD. We also summarized the data from animal studies and their importance during the investigation of PTSD. This study shed light on the epigenetic background of stress and PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1736633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:01:16Z","timestamp":1636675276000},"page":"007-013","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Epigenetic Approach to PTSD: In the Aspects of Rat Models"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"09","author":[{"given":"Asli","family":"Aykac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasime","family":"Kalkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp456","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and completed suicide","volume":"171","author":"J L Gradus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114151","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic in the Italian population: validation of a post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire and prevalence of PTSD symptomatology","volume":"17","author":"G Forte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz292","article-title":"Adverse childhood experience, genes, and PTSD risk in soldiers: a methylation study","volume":"185","author":"M R Hossack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.06.003","article-title":"Predator-based psychosocial stress animal model of PTSD: Preclinical assessment of traumatic stress at cognitive, hormonal, pharmacological, cardiovascular and epigenetic levels of analysis","volume":"284","author":"P R Zoladz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.09.014","article-title":"Progress towards understanding the genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"28","author":"J Voisey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.4.659","article-title":"Trajectories of PTSD: a 20-year longitudinal study","volume":"163","author":"Z Solomon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v5.i4.387","article-title":"Animal models for posttraumatic stress disorder: An overview of what is used in research","volume":"5","author":"B Borghans","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.06.006","article-title":"Neurobiological sequelae of witnessing stressful events in adult mice","volume":"73","author":"B L Warren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.430140102","article-title":"Time-dependent sensitization as the cornerstone for a new approach to pharmacotherapy - drugs as foreign stressful stimuli","volume":"14","author":"S M Antelman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2004.09.003","article-title":"Long-term behavioural alterations in female rats after a single intense footshock followed by situational reminders","volume":"30","author":"H Louvart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.008","article-title":"A rodent model of sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder: the role of context after fear conditioning","volume":"57","author":"A C Pawlyk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890802137320","article-title":"Exposure to a stressor produces a long lasting enhancement of fear learning in rats","volume":"12","author":"V Rau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(97)00044-9","article-title":"Stress-restress: effects on ACTH and fast feedback","volume":"22","author":"I Liberzon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.607705","article-title":"Stress worsens endothelial function and ischemic stroke via glucocorticoids","volume":"42","author":"M Balkaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890701768613","article-title":"Acute episodes of predator exposure in conjunction with chronic social instability as an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"11","author":"P R Zoladz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-013-1333-7","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder among women receiving prenatal care at three federally qualified health care centers","volume":"18","author":"H G Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.02.007","article-title":"Psychosocial animal model of PTSD produces a long-lasting traumatic memory, an increase in general anxiety and PTSD-like glucocorticoid abnormalities","volume":"37","author":"P R Zoladz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80069-7","article-title":"The characterization and modelling of antipredator defensive behavior","volume":"14","author":"R J Blanchard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.05.005","article-title":"The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: a review of field and laboratory studies","volume":"29","author":"R Apfelbach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145707007912","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress behavioural responses in inbred mouse strains: can genetic predisposition explain phenotypic vulnerability?","volume":"11","author":"H Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.023","article-title":"Understanding posttraumatic stress disorder through fear conditioning, extinction and reconsolidation","volume":"71","author":"M BL Careaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.79","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms in learned fear: implications for PTSD","volume":"38","author":"I B Zovkic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.08.005","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms in fear conditioning: implications for treating post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"37","author":"J L Kwapis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.06.035","article-title":"Chronic social instability induces anxiety and defective social interactions across generations","volume":"73","author":"L Saavedra-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2006.06.012","article-title":"Importance of early environment in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder-like behaviors","volume":"173","author":"A Imanaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20444","article-title":"A developmental approach to complex PTSD: childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity","volume":"22","author":"M Cloitre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.05.005","article-title":"Social defeat stress produces prolonged alterations in acoustic startle and body weight gain in male Long Evans rats","volume":"44","author":"J V Pulliam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-7-80","article-title":"Core modular blood and brain biomarkers in social defeat mouse model for post traumatic stress disorder","volume":"7","author":"R Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Syst Biol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)67014-9","article-title":"Models of PTSD and traumatic stress: the importance of research \u201cfrom bedside to bench to bedside\u201d","volume":"167","author":"R J Ursano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15057","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.57","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"1","author":"R Yehuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05722.x","article-title":"Variant brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met endophenotypes: implications for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"1208","author":"H Frielingsdorf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000350950","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in accident survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"68","author":"Y Matsuoka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54463","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054463","article-title":"A naturally-occurring histone acetyltransferase inhibitor derived from Garcinia indica impairs newly acquired and reactivated fear memories","volume":"8","author":"S A Maddox","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710002072","article-title":"Common genetic and environmental contributions to post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence in young women","volume":"41","author":"C E Sartor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.09.001","article-title":"Offspring psychological and biological correlates of parental posttraumatic stress: review of the literature and research agenda","volume":"33","author":"E W Leen-Feldner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21891","article-title":"Association between parents' PTSD severity and children's psychological distress: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"J E Lambert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4654-4681.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094654","article-title":"Histone methylation regulation in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"22","author":"B S Basavarajappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.07.039","article-title":"The IkappaB kinase regulates chromatin structure during reconsolidation of conditioned fear memories","volume":"55","author":"F D Lubin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.2243411","article-title":"Epigenetic alterations in the lateral amygdala are required for reconsolidation of a Pavlovian fear memory","volume":"18","author":"S A Maddox","year":"2011","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.029157.112","article-title":"p300\/CBP histone acetyltransferase activity is required for newly acquired and reactivated fear memories in the lateral amygdala","volume":"20","author":"S A Maddox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.012","article-title":"Increasing histone acetylation in the hippocampus-infralimbic network enhances fear extinction","volume":"72","author":"J M Stafford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2017.02.010","article-title":"Dynamic association of epigenetic H3K4me3 and DNA 5hmC marks in the dorsal hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex following reactivation of a fear memory","volume":"142","author":"W M Webb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.08.009","article-title":"Enhanced hippocampal BDNF\/TrkB signaling in response to fear conditioning in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"45","author":"S Takei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.224907","article-title":"Histone deacetylase 6 gates the synaptic action of acute stress in prefrontal cortex","volume":"590","author":"J B Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.040485.115","article-title":"The potential of epigenetics in stress-enhanced fear learning models of PTSD","volume":"23","author":"A M Blouin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601910393957","article-title":"DNA methylation: superior or subordinate in the epigenetic hierarchy?","volume":"2","author":"B Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2372","article-title":"5-hmC in the brain is abundant in synaptic genes and shows differences at the exon-intron boundary","volume":"19","author":"T Khare","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12778","article-title":"Genomewide DNA methylation analysis in combat veterans reveals a novel locus for PTSD","volume":"136","author":"D Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.118","article-title":"The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Workgroup: posttraumatic stress disorder enters the age of large-scale genomic collaboration","volume":"40","author":"M W Logue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32315","article-title":"A genome-wide identified risk variant for PTSD is a methylation quantitative trait locus and confers decreased cortical activation to fearful faces","volume":"8","author":"L M Almli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.04.013","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"74","author":"P Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.77","article-title":"Largest GWAS of PTSD (N=20\u2009070) yields genetic overlap with schizophrenia and sex differences in heritability","volume":"23","author":"L E Duncan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"184","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.03.049","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of posttraumatic stress disorder in a cohort of Iraq-Afghanistan era veterans","volume":"184","author":"A E Ashley-Koch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e820","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.69","article-title":"Genome-wide gene-based analysis suggests an association between neuroligin 1 (NLGN1) and post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"6","author":"V Kilaru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0447-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of post-traumatic stress disorder reexperiencing symptoms in >165,000 US veterans","volume":"22","author":"J Gelernter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.120","article-title":"Longitudinal analyses of the DNA methylome in deployed military servicemen identify susceptibility loci for post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"23","author":"B PF Rutten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1169","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.129","article-title":"Whole-genome DNA methylation status associated with clinical PTSD measures of OIF\/OEF veterans","volume":"7","author":"R Hammamieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3243","article-title":"The continuing value of twin studies in the omics era","volume":"13","author":"J van Dongen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.149","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms for the early environmental regulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in rodents and humans","volume":"38","author":"T Y Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3275","article-title":"Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene-childhood trauma interactions","volume":"16","author":"T Klengel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318906111","article-title":"Neocortical Tet3-mediated accumulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine promotes rapid behavioral adaptation","volume":"111","author":"X Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2018.04.001","article-title":"Neuroepigenetics of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"158","author":"G S Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.01.013","article-title":"Epigenetic modification of hippocampal Bdnf DNA in adult rats in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"45","author":"T L Roth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2009.05.003","article-title":"Trauma exposure and stress-related disorders in inner city primary care patients","volume":"31","author":"C F Gillespie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2009.03.002","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"D J de Quervain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00118","article-title":"Epigenetic biomarkers as predictors and correlates of symptom improvement following psychotherapy in combat veterans with PTSD","volume":"4","author":"R Yehuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"49","volume-title":"The epigenetics of non-coding RNA","author":"L J Collins","year":"2011"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3234","article-title":"Emerging roles of non-coding RNAs in brain evolution, development, plasticity and disease","volume":"13","author":"I A Qureshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0898-7","article-title":"Recent genetics and epigenetics approaches to PTSD","volume":"20","author":"N P Daskalakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42691-z","article-title":"Ancestral stress alters lifetime mental health trajectories and cortical neuromorphology via epigenetic regulation","volume":"9","author":"M Ambeskovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105157","article-title":"Dysregulation of miR-15a-5p, miR-497a-5p and miR-511-5p is associated with modulation of BDNF and FKBP5 in brain areas of PTSD-related susceptible and resilient mice","volume":"22","author":"O M Maurel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"5249893","article-title":"Dynamic alterations of miR-34c expression in the hypothalamus of male rats after early adolescent traumatic stress","volume":"2016","author":"C Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.12.226","article-title":"Allele-specific DNA methylation level of FKBP5 is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"103","author":"J I Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"}],"container-title":["Global Medical Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0041-1736633.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T15:22:55Z","timestamp":1736436175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0041-1736633"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1736633","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2699-9404"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2699-9404"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]}}}