{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T17:06:32Z","timestamp":1793207192284,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by variable clinical features, different durations, and several previously unheard-of late complications. Knowledge about this infection is constantly evolving.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The aim of the study is to present selected cases of the most common symptoms of long COVID in the oral cavity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Among the 1,256 studied patients, 32% of them had discoloration, ulceration, and hemorrhagic changes on the oral mucosa, 29.69% had mycosis located on the tongue, 25.79% of patients had aphthous-like lesions on the hard palate, and in 12.5% atrophic cheilitis was observed. During the anamnesis, approximately 60% of patients reported salivary secretory disorders in the initial period of infection, which is 6.68% prolonged up to 4 months after systemic symptoms disappeared. In an extreme case, an aphthous-like lesion was located on the hard palate, which persisted for 6 months. Approximately 36% of patients did not agree to the proposed treatment. As a result, they only received recommendations on the use of oral hygiene products and received weekly check-ups. In this group of patients, most pathological changes spontaneously cleared after 3 weeks. The elderly with coexisting diseases, persons with a more severe SARS-CoV-2, and hospitalized patients had more extensive and severe lesions in the oral cavity that persisted for a long time after infection.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In patients after the SARS-CoV-2 infection and suspected of this infection, a detailed intraoral examination should be performed, and the patient must be obligatorily monitored for a minimum period of 6 months. Depending on the patient's clinical condition, changes in the oral cavity require observation, basic or specialist treatment. In the case of changes in the cavity without pain symptoms, observation should be made for approximately 4 weeks and wait for the spontaneous regression of the changes. However, when pain occurs, a good solution is to use laser biostimulation. In the case of complex pathological changes occurring in the oral cavity, the patient should be directed for specialist treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1739445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,18]],"date-time":"2021-12-18T01:30:11Z","timestamp":1639791011000},"page":"458-463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Long COVID Oral Cavity Symptoms Based on Selected Clinical Cases"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5509-4062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Rafa\u0142owicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Propaedeutics and Prophylaxis, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9769-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leopold","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Propaedeutics and Prophylaxis, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliusz","family":"Rafa\u0142owicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stomatologia Rafa\u0142owicz, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","first-page":"4","article-title":"A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)","volume":"7","author":"Y H Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","first-page":"11","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status","volume":"7","author":"Y R Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03248-x","article-title":"Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis","volume":"24","author":"R Sabino-Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00558-4","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: an evidence-based review","volume":"21","author":"G Daneshgaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716438","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and dentistry-review","volume":"14","author":"C LM Melo Neto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/131989","article-title":"Oral manifestations of COVID-19: brief review","volume":"58","author":"A M Paradowska-Stolarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent Med Probl"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","first-page":"e14578","article-title":"Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: a review article","volume":"34","author":"B Iranmanesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref8","first-page":"384","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 syndrome: epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and pathogenic mechanisms involved [in Spanish]","volume":"72","author":"F J Carod-Artal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e048391","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048391","article-title":"Multiorgan impairment in low-risk individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective, community-based study","volume":"11","author":"A Dennis","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.04.024","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 syndrome (Long Haul Syndrome): description of a multidisciplinary clinic at Mayo clinic and characteristics of the initial patient cohort","volume":"96","author":"G Vanichkachorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/scd.12520","article-title":"Oral mucosal lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. 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Are they a true sign of COVID-19 disease?","volume":"40","author":"R O Cruz Tapia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spec Care Dentist"},{"issue":"S 03","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13382","article-title":"Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"C Mart\u00edn Carreras-Presas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.012","article-title":"Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: new signs or secondary manifestations?","volume":"97","author":"J Amorim Dos Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26221","article-title":"Oral erosions and petechiae during SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"93","author":"G Ciccarese","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oral mucositis in a SARS-CoV-2-infected patient: secondary or truly associated condition?","volume":"00","author":"S Tomo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S179","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1719210","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of COVID-19 enanthema","volume":"14","author":"R Mujayanto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref17","first-page":"999","article-title":"Angular cheilitis of COVID-19 patients: A case-series and literature review","author":"I Kasseem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-021-01017-9","article-title":"Commentary: \u201cFungal infections of oral cavity: diagnosis, management, and association with COVID-19\u201d","volume":"3","author":"A Bharatha","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","first-page":"e14735","article-title":"Aphthous stomatitis in COVID-19 patients: case-series and literature review","volume":"34","author":"A Riad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14066","article-title":"Oral candidiasis of COVID-19 patients: case report and review of evidence","volume":"20","author":"A Riad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"issue":"S 03","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13359","article-title":"The impact of coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID-19) on oral health","volume":"27","author":"A Dziedzic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13705","article-title":"Oral lesions in COVID-19 infection: Is long-term follow-up important in the affected patients?","author":"T M Bezerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13555","article-title":"Oral manifestations associated with COVID-19","author":"M D\u00edaz Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934492","article-title":"COVID-19 and the immune system","volume":"69","author":"J Paces","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2013.008","article-title":"The CARE guidelines: consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development","volume":"2","author":"J J Gagnier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob Adv Health Med"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0041-1739445.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T10:26:51Z","timestamp":1717756011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0041-1739445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1739445","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1305-7456","1305-7464"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1305-7456","type":"print"},{"value":"1305-7464","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]}}}