{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T10:56:32Z","timestamp":1781002592291,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"S 02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01GY1904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GY1904"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014840","name":"G-BA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["01VSF18032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01VSF18032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014840","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Methods Inf Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003The level of physical activity (PA) of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) has an impact on long-term complications. Currently, PA is mostly assessed by interviews. Wearable activity trackers are promising tools to objectively measure PA under everyday conditions. The only off-the-shelf, wearable activity tracker with specific measures for wheelchair users is the Apple Watch.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Objectives\u2003This study analyzes the measurement performance of Apple Watch Series 4 for wheelchair users and compares it with an earlier generation of the device.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003Fifteen participants with subacute SCI during their first in-patient phase followed a test course using their wheelchair. The number of wheelchair pushes was counted manually by visual inspection and with the Apple Watch. Difference between the Apple Watch and the rater was analyzed with mean absolute percent error (MAPE) and a Bland\u2013Altman plot. To compare the measurement error of Series 4 and an older generation of the device a t-test was calculated using data for Series 1 from a former study.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003The average of differences was 12.33 pushes (n\u2009=\u200915), whereas participants pushed the wheelchair 138.4 times on average (range 86\u2013271 pushes). The range of difference and the Bland\u2013Altman plot indicate an overestimation by Apple Watch. MAPE is 9.20% and the t-test, testing for an effect of Series 4 on the percentage of error compared with Series 1, was significant with p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Series 4 shows a significant improvement in measurement performance compared with Series 1. Series 4 can be considered as a promising data source to capture the number of wheelchair pushes on even grounds. Future research should analyze the long-term measurement performance during everyday conditions of Series 4.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1740236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:09:32Z","timestamp":1638490172000},"page":"e103-e110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Measurement Performance of Activity Measurements with Newer Generation of Apple Watch in Wheelchair Users with Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Nils-Hendrik","family":"Benning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Knaup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcdiger","family":"Rupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199609536.001.0001","volume-title":"Oxford Textbook of Movement Disorders","author":"D Burn","year":"2013"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2016.1198240","article-title":"A systematic review of review articles addressing factors related to physical activity participation among children and adults with physical disabilities","volume":"10","author":"K A Martin Ginis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychol 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