{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:07:20Z","timestamp":1777500440834,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is an emergency that complicates intra-orbital, retrobulbar hemorrhage in most cases. Bony orbital decompression is an effective treatment for OCS, and displaced orbital fractures are protective. Nevertheless, in rare cases, OCS occurs despite a displaced orbital fracture. The aim of the current review is to present its pathophysiology and management based on what is published in the medical literature, and our center's experience. A systematic review of literature was conducted through PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane from inception through February 2021. The following search query was used: \u201corbital fracture\u201d and \u201ctrauma\u201d and \u201corbital compartment syndrome.\u201d Studies tackling the pathophysiology and management of concurrent displaced orbital fracture with OCS were included and a cohort of patients was constituted. A cohort of 18 cases reported in the literature were included (49.3\u2009\u00b1\u200930.6 years, 50% M). Given that OCS occurs with or without orbital fracture, pathophysiology of OCS is mostly explained by the division of the orbital fat into many compartments, due to the presence of Koorneef's fibrous septa. Management of OCS in such circumstances consisted of inferior-lateral canthotomy and cantholysis in 50% of cases, subperiosteal drainage with myringotomy in 22.2% of cases, subperiosteal drainage in 16.7% of cases, and complete lateral cantholysis in 16.7% of cases. Two cases who presented to our tertiary care center were also added to this review. Physicians should be aware that OCS can occur even with displaced fractures of the orbital cavity. When clinical suspicion is present, an emergent management is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1740290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:34:51Z","timestamp":1639528491000},"page":"274-278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Displaced Orbital Fractures with Concurrent Orbital Compartment Syndrome: A Case-Based Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6603-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Zogheib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Sukkarieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hotel Dieu de France University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8703-4611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Mjaess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samer Abou","family":"Zeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Hotel Dieu de France University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S180058","article-title":"Orbital compartment syndrome: an update with review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"E McCallum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2019.1658790","article-title":"Vision loss associated with orbital surgery\u2014a major review","volume":"39","author":"P Kansakar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(99)00137-0","article-title":"Lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis: an effective method of urgent orbital decompression for sight threatening acute retrobulbar haemorrhage","volume":"30","author":"K L Goodall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000719","article-title":"Evidence-based medicine: orbital floor fractures","volume":"134","author":"M S Gart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2009.04.005","article-title":"Orbital compartment syndrome: the ophthalmic surgical emergency","volume":"54","author":"V Lima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(13)80586-X","article-title":"Efficacy and complication rate of 16,224 consecutive peribulbar blocks. 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