{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:48:14Z","timestamp":1791528494247,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction\u2003Burn wound infection (BWI) is the second most important cause of death in burn patients. There is currently limited data about the incidence and clinical presentation of BWI using quantitative techniques as quantitative biopsy culture (QBC) to prevent progress to burn wound sepsis (BWS).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003This is a prospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with BWI, confirmed by QBC, from February 2018 to July 2019 at University Hospital of Santander (HUS). The primary outcome was to determine clinical, microbiological, and histopathological characteristics of patients diagnosed with BWI along with a positive QBC and their relationship with early diagnosis and progression to BWS.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003525 patients were admitted to HUS Burn Center. Of those, 44\/525 (8.23%) presented a clinical diagnosis of BWI (median age, 20.5 years [1\u201367 years]; 25\/44 [56.8%] male). QBC was positive in 26\/44 (59%), Staphylococcus aureus 14\/44 (31.8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7\/44 (15.9%) were the mainly etiological agents isolated. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics was mostly to beta-lactams in 14\/44 (31.8%), corresponding to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Clinical signs more related to infection were erythema in 33\/44 (61.3%). As many as 10\/44 (22.7%) progressed to sepsis and 2\/44 (6%) died.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003BWI increases hospitalization time and number of surgeries, increasing the risk of sepsis and death. The QBC allows an accurate diagnosis with lesser false-positive cases that impact antibiotic resistance and mortality. Protocols targeting this problem are needed to decrease the impact of this.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1740494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T23:58:15Z","timestamp":1644451095000},"page":"075-080","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of Burn Wound Infection in a Referral Center in Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Sandra L.","family":"Jaimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital of Santander, Universidad Industrial de Santander; Bucaramanga, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital of Santander, Universidad Industrial de Santander; Bucaramanga, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres F.","family":"Viviescas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Santander, Universidad Industrial de Santander; Bucaramanga, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres F.","family":"Abril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Santander, Universidad Industrial de Santander; Bucaramanga, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Fl\u00f3rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Santander, Universidad Industrial de Santander; Bucaramanga, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian D.","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Santander, Universidad Industrial de Santander; Bucaramanga, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.403-434.2006","article-title":"Burn wound infections","volume":"19","author":"D Church","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2016.07.008","article-title":"Infection in burn patients in a referral center in Colombia","volume":"43","author":"C E Ramirez-Blanco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000029382.26295.AB","article-title":"The risk factors and time course of sepsis and organ dysfunction after burn trauma","volume":"54","author":"J Fitzwater","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160705","article-title":"Biofilms as complex differentiated communities","volume":"56","author":"P Stoodley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2004.03.005","article-title":"The time-related changes of antimicrobial resistance patterns and predominant bacterial profiles of burn wounds and body flora of burned patients","volume":"30","author":"U Altoparlak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197909000-00001","article-title":"Predicting fatal sepsis in burn patients","volume":"19","author":"C C Baker","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2017.06.008","article-title":"A systematic review of quantitative burn wound microbiology in the management of burns patients","volume":"44","author":"F D Halstead","year":"2018","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181599bc9","article-title":"American Burn Association consensus conference to define sepsis and infection in burns","volume":"28","author":"D G Greenhalgh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-198905000-00002","article-title":"Precise diagnosis of infection in burn wound biopsy specimens. Combination of histologic technique, acridine orange staining, and culture","volume":"10","author":"V Mitchell","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Burn Care Rehabil"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1086\/376993","article-title":"The epidemiology of burn wound infections: then and now","volume":"37","author":"C G Mayhall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3402707","article-title":"Early excision and grafting in burns: an experience in a tertiary care industrial hospital of eastern India","volume":"52","author":"P Goswami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.14144","article-title":"Risk factors for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infection in burn patients","volume":"88","author":"M L Vickers","year":"2018","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.221267","article-title":"Risk factors for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and mortality of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection","volume":"131","author":"Z Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.11.371","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors and outcome of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial infections during an outbreak in a burn unit","volume":"79","author":"A L Munier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.220","article-title":"Risk factors for healthcare-Associated infections in adult burn patients","volume":"38","author":"P D Strassle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-015-0137-9","article-title":"Protocol for a systematic review of quantitative burn wound microbiology in the management of burns patients","volume":"4","author":"J Kwei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400026267","article-title":"Staphylococcal sepsis in a burns unit","volume":"83","author":"H A Lilly","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200310000-00012","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative organisms in the intensive care unit","volume":"9","author":"N M Clark","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(02)90165-7","article-title":"Emergence of vancomycin resistance during therapy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a burn patient\u2013importance of low-level resistance to vancomycin","volume":"6","author":"I Haraga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.5.1347-1351.1998","article-title":"Persistence of a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone in an intensive care burn unit","volume":"36","author":"P R Hsueh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/75.4.532","article-title":"An evaluation of burn wound quantitative microbiology. I. Quantitative eschar cultures","volume":"75","author":"B F Woolfrey","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0041-1740494.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T23:21:05Z","timestamp":1650324065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0041-1740494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1740494","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-0358","1998-376X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-0358","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-376X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}}}