{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:39:51Z","timestamp":1793385591431,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Speech Lang"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stuttering is a complex communication disorder with effects that extend beyond difficulty with communication. Negative thoughts and feelings by the person who stutters (PWS), about the disorder or themselves, may potentially lead to detrimental avoidance behaviors which may ultimately alter life choices and participation in life events. One such area is the labor market. Studies have revealed an association between stuttering and reduced earnings. What is not understood is whether provision of speech therapy for PWS can help mitigate the negative labor market impacts of this condition. This article discusses the disorder of stuttering and how approach versus avoidance responses can contribute to wage differentials among PWS, while also providing evidence of such differences using a nationally representative dataset. Additionally, this article outlines the potential benefits received from speech-language pathology services which may correlate with improved labor market outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1748882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T22:32:41Z","timestamp":1658356361000},"page":"233-243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Speech Therapy and Earnings: Economic Benefits for Individuals Who Stutter"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Briley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly M.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-19-00137","article-title":"Stuttering as defined by adults who stutter","volume":"62","author":"S E Tichenor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858418803594","article-title":"Functional and neuroanatomical bases of developmental stuttering: current insights","volume":"25","author":"S E Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4803.246b","article-title":"The problem of definition: commentary on \u201cstuttering\u201d","volume":"48","author":"W H Perkins","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Disord"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3405.1081","article-title":"Response to Perkins, \u201cWhat is stuttering?\u201d","volume":"34","author":"G M Siegel","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJSLP-ODC11-17-0192","article-title":"A phenomenological analysis of the experience of stuttering","volume":"27","author":"S Tichenor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2015.05.002","article-title":"Responses of adults who stutter to the anticipation of stuttering","volume":"45","author":"E S Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Fluency Disord"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.05.016","article-title":"General vulnerability to stuttering: the experience of stuttering and conditions bringing about invulnerability","volume":"93","author":"P M Briley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2018.10.003","article-title":"Disclosure of stuttering and quality of life in people who stutter","volume":"58","author":"M P Boyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Fluency Disord"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2009.06.003","article-title":"Coping responses by adults who stutter: part II. 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