{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T08:25:19Z","timestamp":1774081519774,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Lab Physicians"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objective\u2003Accumulating evidence suggests increased cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) due to a cluster of factors, such as obesity, lipid abnormalities, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and hypertension. Markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) can provide an adjunctive method for the assessment of cardiovascular risk and can indicate future coronary heart diseases in women with lean PCOS.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Materials and Methods\u2003In this prospective case-control study, women clinically diagnosed with PCOS (n\u2009=\u200925) with normal body mass index (BMI) and age and BMI-matched healthy controls (n\u2009=\u200975) were enrolled. The quantitative data were expressed as mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation (SD). Unpaired Student's t-test was used to compare the values (PCOS vs. controls) and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to elucidate the relationship between the variables.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003The mean level of fasting blood sugar, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), hs-CRP, and PAI-1 were significantly increased in PCOS patients (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.000) compared with the control patients. Of the reported cases, 54.16% had hs-CRP levels greater than 3\u2009mg\/L. When the cases were further divided into normal (n\u2009=\u200920) and IGT (n\u2009=\u20095), hs-CRP values were significantly higher in IGT group as compared with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group. On bivariate correlation analysis, hs-CRP had significant correlations with PAI-1 (r\u2009=\u20090.41, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.000), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR; r\u2009=\u20090.23, p\u2009=\u20090.02), fasting blood sugar (FBS; r\u2009=\u20090.26, p\u2009=\u20090.009), LDL (r\u2009=\u20090.20, p\u2009=\u20090.03), TSH (r\u2009=\u20090.42, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.000), and LH-to-FSH ratio (r\u2009=\u20090.24, p\u2009=\u20090.01).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Women with lean phenotype of PCOS suffer from many metabolic abnormalities such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperandrogenemia, and insulin resistance. The findings of the study suggest that environment of ongoing low-grade inflammation due to infiltration further exacerbates the metabolic derangements and cardiovascular risk. The investigations as hs-CRP and PAI-1 will help in early identification, diagnosis, and management of cardiovascular diseases associated with lean type of PCOS. These markers can prove to be beneficial in monitoring any unfavorable changes in cardiometabolic profile of such patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1750066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T23:10:01Z","timestamp":1658877001000},"page":"031-037","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiovascular Risk Predictors High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Women with Lean Phenotype of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Prospective Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ashok K.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adesh Medical College and Hospital, Shahbad, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birendra K.","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Banas Medical College and Research Institute, Palanpur, Gujrat, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amrendra K.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Bhagwanpur PHC, Siraha, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arpita","family":"Suri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary (SGT) University, Gurugram, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saurabh K.","family":"Deo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adesh Medical College and Hospital, Shahbad, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032046","article-title":"The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population","volume":"89","author":"R Azziz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041536","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"352","author":"D A Ehrmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199509283331307","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"333","author":"S Franks","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-018-0371-5","article-title":"Lean polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): an evidence-based practical approach","volume":"17","author":"S Toosy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(15)30642-6","article-title":"Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries","volume":"29","author":"I F Stein","year":"1935","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00010-9","article-title":"Adverse lipid and coronary heart disease risk profiles in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a case-control study","volume":"51","author":"E Talbott","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.11.2414","article-title":"Evidence for association between polycystic ovary syndrome and premature carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women","volume":"20","author":"E O Talbott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.01000.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"52","author":"S Wild","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref9","first-page":"232","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: a major unrecognized cardiovascular risk factor in women","volume":"2","author":"C J Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003233421202","article-title":"C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"342","author":"P M Ridker","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2012.683082","article-title":"Mediators of chronic inflammation in polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"28","author":"E Deligeoroglou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00754","article-title":"Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection","volume":"9","author":"N R Sproston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.21.2531","article-title":"Modulation of C-reactive protein-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in human endothelial cells by anti-atherosclerosis drugs","volume":"103","author":"V Pasceri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006153422406","article-title":"Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 and coronary artery disease","volume":"342","author":"H P Kohler","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000242905.41404.68","article-title":"PAI-1 and the metabolic syndrome: links, causes, and consequences","volume":"26","author":"M-C Alessi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0638","article-title":"PAI-1 and diabetes: a journey from the bench to the bedside","volume":"35","author":"D J Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"W T Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031096","article-title":"Increased C-reactive protein levels in the polycystic ovary syndrome: a marker of cardiovascular disease","volume":"89","author":"N Boulman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms030","article-title":"Overweight, obesity and central obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"S S Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.6.7580","article-title":"Low grade chronic inflammation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"86","author":"C C Kelly","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref23","first-page":"350","article-title":"Serum C-reactive protein levels in normal-weight polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"24","author":"J Y Oh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med (Korean Assoc Intern Med)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1329","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"91","author":"D A Ehrmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"56","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96351","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19180","article-title":"The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in reproductive-aged women of different ethnicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"T Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-89","article-title":"The prevalence of metabolic disorders in various phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome: a community based study in Southwest of Iran","volume":"12","author":"F R Tehrani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref27","first-page":"30","article-title":"Association of hormonal status with anthropometric & biochemical parameters in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"4","author":"A K Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comm Health Management"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.14260\/jemds\/2019\/292","article-title":"Study of anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters and hormonal levels in women with PCOS at a tertiary center of rural Haryana","volume":"8","author":"P Taneja","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.83","article-title":"Lipid accumulation product is a powerful index for recognizing insulin resistance in non-diabetic individuals","volume":"66","author":"C Xia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep072","article-title":"Lipid accumulation product index: a reliable marker of cardiovascular risk in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"24","author":"D Wiltgen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0797","article-title":"Studies of insulin resistance in patients with clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"160","author":"E Maratou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20240","article-title":"High-normal TSH values in obesity: is it insulin resistance or adipose tissue's guilt?","volume":"21","author":"G Muscogiuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500363","article-title":"High prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"150","author":"O E Janssen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1011.040367","article-title":"Women and autoimmune diseases","volume":"10","author":"D Fairweather","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2327","article-title":"Increased activation of nuclear factor kappaB triggers inflammation and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"91","author":"F Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2011.12.003","article-title":"Inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome: underpinning of insulin resistance and ovarian dysfunction","volume":"77","author":"F Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref37","first-page":"323","article-title":"Increased serum C-reactive protein levels in normal weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"15","author":"A Makedos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3199-3","article-title":"The effect of obesity on inflammatory markers in patients with PCOS: a BMI-matched case-control study","volume":"290","author":"R Keskin Kurt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2011.613967","article-title":"High sensitivity C-reactive protein and its relationship with impaired glucose regulation in lean patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"28","author":"J W Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref40","first-page":"13","article-title":"Assessment of clinical, biochemical, and hormonal profile of lean versus overweight polycystic ovarian syndrome patients: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"V Ghatnatti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.00863.x","article-title":"Ambulatory blood pressure profiles and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) activity in lean women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"45","author":"M Sampson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2016.1203893","article-title":"Evaluation of cardiac risk marker levels in obese and non-obese patients with polycystic ovaries","volume":"33","author":"E Elci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)61634-3","article-title":"Is plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 a cardiovascular risk factor in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome?","volume":"9","author":"F Orio Jr.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"}],"container-title":["Journal of Laboratory Physicians"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0042-1750066.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T08:20:22Z","timestamp":1703406022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jlabphy.org\/cardiovascular-risk-predictors-high-sensitivity-c-reactive-protein-and-plasminogen-activator-inhibitor-1-in-women-with-lean-phenotype-of-polycystic-ovarian-syndrome-a-prospective-case-control-study\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1750066","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-2727","0974-7826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-2727","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-7826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}