{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T04:55:51Z","timestamp":1784004951250,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science in Poland","award":["0614\/SBAD\/1547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0614\/SBAD\/1547"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objective\u2003The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of screw insertion angle and insertion torque on the mechanical properties of a 3.5 fixed-angle locking plate locking compression plate (LCP) and 3.5 variable-angle locking plate polyaxial locking system (PLS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods\u2003In the LCP group, screws were placed abaxially at 0, 5 and 10\u2009degrees. In the PLS group, screws were placed at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20\u2009degrees abaxially. The insertion torque was set to 1.5 and 2.5 Nm in the LCP and PLS groups respectively. A load was applied parallel to the screw axis, and the screw push-out force was measured until the locking mechanism was loosened.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results\u2003The 3.5 LCP showed higher push-out strength than the 3.5 PLS when the screws were placed at 0\u2009degree regardless of the insertion torque. The off-axis insertion of 3.5 LCP locking screws resulted in a significant decrease in push-out strength (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). A higher insertion torque value significantly increased the screw holding strength for the 3.5 LCP (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The 3.5 PLS system had a significantly higher push-out force when the screws are at 0\u2009degree than at 5, 10 and 15\u2009degrees, and 20\u2009degrees (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) at any given insertion torque. An increase in the insertion torque did not have a significant effect on the push-out strength of the 3.5 PLS locking system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion\u2003The 3.5 PLS is more sensitive to the screw insertion angle than to the insertion torque, whereas the 3.5 LCP is affected by both factors. Placing 3.5 LCP locking screws off-axis significantly reduces the screw holding strength; therefore, this approach has to be avoided. The findings of our research indicate that a 1.5 Nm torque can be used for a 3.5 PLS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1750431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T19:06:42Z","timestamp":1657912002000},"page":"339-346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["What Is the Cost of Off-Axis Insertion of Locking Screws? A Biomechanical Comparison of a 3.5\u2009mm Fixed-Angle and 3.5\u2009mm Variable-Angle Stainless Steel Locking Plate Systems"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jakub","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tierklinik Elversberg, Elversberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Bartkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Paczos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Zawadzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"\u0141\u0105czna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Gapi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2003.09.026","article-title":"Guidelines for the clinical application of the LCP","volume":"34","author":"E Gautier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2003.09.021","article-title":"Biomechanical testing of the LCP\u2014how can stability in locked internal fixators be controlled?","volume":"34","author":"K Stoffel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2018.04.031","article-title":"Pitfalls and limits of locking plates","volume":"105","author":"J C Bel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12023.x","article-title":"Effect of screw insertion torque on mechanical properties of four locking systems","volume":"42","author":"B Boudreau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.01088.x","article-title":"Effect of screw insertion torque on push-out and cantilever bending properties of five different angle-stable systems","volume":"42","author":"A Boero Baroncelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-12-03-0043","article-title":"The effect of screw angulation and insertion torque on the push-out strength of polyaxial locking screws and the single cycle to failure in bending of polyaxial locking plates","volume":"26","author":"B W Bufkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(18)30305-X","article-title":"Why and how do locking plates fail?","volume":"49","author":"B Gueorguiev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0050","article-title":"Single cycle to failure in torsion of three standard and five locking plate constructs","volume":"24","author":"J B Cabassu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000042","article-title":"Effect of off-axis screw insertion, insertion torque, and plate contouring on locked screw strength","volume":"28","author":"B Gallagher","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(18)30306-1","article-title":"Locking design affects the jamming of screws in locking plates","volume":"49","author":"S Sandriesser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716679","article-title":"Effect of screw insertion torque on mechanical properties of a hybrid polyaxial locking system","volume":"34","author":"H J Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.17.00049","article-title":"Not all polyaxial locking screw technologies are created equal: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"B Schoch","year":"2018","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13578","article-title":"Radiographically confirmed outcomes after fracture repair with a PLS polyaxial locking system in 40 dogs and cats","volume":"50","author":"J Bassanino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01063.x","article-title":"Fracture repair using a polyaxial locking plate system (PAX)","volume":"42","author":"M D Barnhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-14-03-0046","article-title":"Mechanical performance in axial compression of a titanium polyaxial locking plate system in a fracture gap model","volume":"28","author":"A W Tomlinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-11-04-0061","article-title":"Single cycle to failure in bending of three standard and five locking plates and plate constructs","volume":"24","author":"C A Blake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698415","article-title":"Mechanical performance of a polyaxial locking plate and the influence of screw angulation in a fracture gap model","volume":"33","author":"J Kaczmarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-17-01-0015","article-title":"Locking T-plate repair of ilial fractures in cats and small dogs","volume":"30","author":"A B Scrimgeour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3182a73a77","article-title":"Do locking screws work in plates bent at holes?","volume":"28","author":"C L Boulton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709728","article-title":"How do the locking screws lock? A micro-CT study of 3.5-mm locking screw mechanism","volume":"33","author":"J Kaczmarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200409000-00002","article-title":"Locked internal fixator: sensitivity of screw\/plate stability to the correct insertion angle of the screw","volume":"18","author":"M J K\u00e4\u00e4b","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000066","article-title":"Mechanical effects of off-axis insertion of locking screws: should we do it?","volume":"28","author":"J L Cartner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200409000-00003","article-title":"Biomechanics of locked plates and screws","volume":"18","author":"K A Egol","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"}],"container-title":["Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0042-1750431.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T21:35:07Z","timestamp":1764106507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0042-1750431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"05","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1750431","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0814","2567-6911"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0814","type":"print"},{"value":"2567-6911","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]}}}