{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:47:24Z","timestamp":1792594044930,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin intervent Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction, whether from benign or malignant causes, results in a variety of symptoms. It is a potential medical emergency when cerebral or laryngeal edema occurs. Endovascular therapy is the treatment of choice for patients in need of emergent relief of symptoms. This article will provide a review of SVC syndrome with a focus on endovascular treatment techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1753480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T22:35:10Z","timestamp":1661985310000},"page":"292-303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Etiologies, Manifestations, and Treatments"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Keith B.","family":"Quencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dotter Interventional Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"05","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-122147","article-title":"Stent implantation for superior vena cava syndrome of malignant cause","volume":"189","author":"F A B\u00fcstgens","year":"2017","journal-title":"R\u00f6fo Fortschr Geb R\u00f6ntgenstr Nuklearmed"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000198474.99876.f0","article-title":"The superior vena cava syndrome: clinical characteristics and evolving etiology","volume":"85","author":"T W Rice","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","first-page":"CD001316","article-title":"Steroids, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and stents for superior vena caval obstruction in carcinoma of the bronchus","author":"N P Rowell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2010.03.003","article-title":"Superior vena cava syndrome","volume":"24","author":"J F Wan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2011.09.001","article-title":"Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention","volume":"32","author":"C S Dela Cruz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2008.08.003","article-title":"Surgical reconstruction of the superior vena cava system: indications and results","volume":"145","author":"J Picquet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.20381","article-title":"Nonmalignant superior vena cava syndrome: pathophysiology and management","volume":"65","author":"B Schifferdecker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-004-0723-1","article-title":"Catheter tip position as a risk factor for thrombosis associated with the use of subcutaneous infusion ports","volume":"13","author":"J Caers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2012.63.6.550","article-title":"Central venous catheter-related superior vena cava syndrome following renal transplantation - a case report","volume":"63","author":"M Seo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X19884130","article-title":"A review of endovascular stenting for superior vena cava syndrome in fibrosing mediastinitis","volume":"25","author":"H Deshwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-30-5-925","article-title":"Obstruction of the superior vena cava; a review of the literature and report of two personal cases","volume":"30","author":"F T McIntire","year":"1949","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2006.03.015","article-title":"Implication of the anatomy of the pericardial reflection on positioning of central venous catheters","volume":"20","author":"O Bayer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.161.3.8352099","article-title":"CT diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome: importance of collateral vessels","volume":"161","author":"H J Kim","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.148.2.259","article-title":"Superior vena cava obstruction: a venographic classification","volume":"148","author":"W Stanford","year":"1987","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2006.01.003","article-title":"The superior vena cava syndrome caused by malignant disease. Imaging with multi-detector row CT","volume":"59","author":"S Eren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-008-0055-4","article-title":"Formation of downhill esophageal varices as a rare but serious complication of hemodialysis access: a case report and comprehensive literature review","volume":"12","author":"F A Hussein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0548-7","article-title":"Bleeding \u2018downhill\u2019 esophageal varices associated with benign superior vena cava obstruction: case report and literature review","volume":"16","author":"M Loudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"740","article-title":"\u201cDownhill\u201d varices of the esophagus","volume":"46","author":"B Felson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Dis Chest"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1177\/1526602821989330","article-title":"Management of superior vena cava occlusion causing bleeding \u201cdownhill\u201d esophageal varices","volume":"28","author":"P V Uceda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endovasc Ther"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-016-0997-z","article-title":"The focal hepatic hot spot (\u201chot quadrate\u201d) sign","volume":"42","author":"F F Aloufi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1984.2.8.961","article-title":"A reassessment of the clinical implications of the superior vena caval syndrome","volume":"2","author":"F R Ahmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181804791","article-title":"Superior vena cava syndrome \u2013 a proposed classification system and algorithm for management","volume":"3","author":"J B Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.1993.tb00096.x","article-title":"Superior vena cava syndrome induced by bronchogenic carcinoma: is this an oncological emergency?","volume":"37","author":"S J Gauden","year":"1993","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.195.1.7892457","article-title":"Gianturco stent placement in malignant caval obstruction: analysis of factors for predicting the outcome","volume":"195","author":"S Furui","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(97)70660-2","article-title":"Treatment of malignant superior vena cava obstruction: metal stents or radiation therapy","volume":"8","author":"A A Nicholson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1053\/clon.2002.0095","article-title":"Steroids, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and stents for superior vena caval obstruction in carcinoma of the bronchus: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"N P Rowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.231.1.58","article-title":"Superior vena cava syndrome. Clinical management","volume":"231","author":"R Goodman","year":"1975","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref28","first-page":"411","article-title":"Clinical management of superior vena cava syndrome","volume":"14","author":"C Varricchio","year":"1985","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-1900-7","article-title":"Review of evolving etiologies, implications and treatment strategies for the superior vena cava syndrome","volume":"5","author":"C Straka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(87)90068-X","article-title":"Role of irradiation in the management of superior vena cava syndrome","volume":"13","author":"B A Armstrong","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.11.053","article-title":"Understanding radiation-induced vascular disease","volume":"55","author":"N L Weintraub","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.3.245","article-title":"Superior vena cava obstruction caused by radiation induced venous fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"J W Van Putten","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/279786","article-title":"Chemoradiation-induced superior vena cava syndrome: a case report","volume":"15","author":"M Castonguay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.161.2.3763891","article-title":"Stenosis of the vena cava: preliminary assessment of treatment with expandable metallic stents","volume":"161","author":"C Charnsangavej","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100970","article-title":"Endovascular therapy for superior vena cava syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"A H Azizi","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.09.071","article-title":"Benign superior vena cava syndrome: stenting is now the first line of treatment","volume":"47","author":"A Z Rizvi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-010-0052-6","article-title":"Treatment of pacemaker-induced superior vena cava syndrome by balloon angioplasty and stenting","volume":"19","author":"B Klop","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neth Heart J"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-003-0070-5","article-title":"Permanent pacemaker-induced superior vena cava syndrome: successful treatment by endovascular stent","volume":"26","author":"C Lanciego","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2009.02613.x","article-title":"Managing superior vena cava syndrome as a complication of pacemaker implantation: a pooled analysis of clinical practice","volume":"33","author":"R F Riley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2012.05.049","article-title":"Radiofrequency wire for the recanalization of central vein occlusions that have failed conventional endovascular techniques","volume":"23","author":"M Guimaraes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1177\/152660280301000416","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of malignant superior vena cava syndrome: is bilateral wallstent placement superior to unilateral placement?","volume":"10","author":"H P Dinkel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endovasc Ther"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120517","article-title":"Malignant superior vena cava syndrome: a comparative cohort study of treatment with covered stents versus uncovered stents","volume":"266","author":"D I Gwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02733957","article-title":"Gianturco-R\u00f6sch expandable Z-stents in the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome","volume":"15","author":"J R\u00f6sch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2020.19282","article-title":"Gianturco Z-stent placement for the treatment of chronic central venous occlusive disease: implantation of 208 stents in 137 symptomatic patients","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)81778-7","article-title":"Superior vena caval obstruction managed by the Gianturco Z Stent","volume":"49","author":"P A Gaines","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2020.02.022","article-title":"Efficacy of endovascular Z-configuration stenting for malignant versus nonmalignant caval obstruction","volume":"8","author":"T M Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1904","article-title":"Endovascular stenting as the first step in the overall management of malignant superior vena cava syndrome","volume":"193","author":"C Lanciego","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.196.2.7617844","article-title":"Superior vena cava stent placement: results with the wallstent endoprosthesis","volume":"196","author":"L M Hennequin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-002-1953-6","article-title":"Shortening and migration of wallstents after stenting of central venous stenoses in hemodialysis patients","volume":"26","author":"A G Verstandig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-011-0310-z","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of malignant superior vena cava syndrome: results and predictive factors of clinical efficacy","volume":"36","author":"D Fagedet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3109\/02841850903578807","article-title":"Cardiac tamponade after malignant superior vena cava stenting: two case reports and brief review of the literature","volume":"51","author":"D Da Ines","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref52","first-page":"E168","article-title":"Endovascular treatment of a migrated superior vena cava stent in the right atrium","volume":"32","author":"R Vijayvergiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Invasive Cardiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-007-9109-3","article-title":"Strategies for the management of SVC stent migration into the right atrium","volume":"30","author":"J D Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-003-0183-x","article-title":"Radiological management of superior vena caval stent migration and infection","volume":"28","author":"S Srinathan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-014-0324-y","article-title":"Bridging stent placement through the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava in a patient with malignant superior vena cava syndrome and an iodinated contrast material allergy","volume":"32","author":"D Okamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn J Radiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2018.07.020","article-title":"Is long-term anticoagulation required after stent placement for benign superior vena cava syndrome?","volume":"29","author":"M M Haddad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-014-0902-5","article-title":"Anticoagulation is not mandatory after stenting for malignant superior vena cava syndrome","volume":"37","author":"F Thony","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-005-0284-9","article-title":"Quality assurance guidelines for superior vena cava stenting in malignant disease","volume":"29","author":"R Uberoi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/1538574418757401","article-title":"Endovascular management of SVC syndrome due to fibrosing mediastinitis - a feasibility and safety analysis","volume":"52","author":"S Majumdar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vasc Endovascular Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref61","first-page":"e37994","article-title":"Comparison of open-cell stent and closed-cell stent for treatment of central vein stenosis or occlusion in hemodialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"C H Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J Radiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-001-0055-1","article-title":"Long-term results of endovascular stent placement in the superior caval venous system","volume":"24","author":"T Smayra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.086017","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of vascular endoprosthesis for malignant superior vena cava syndrome","volume":"64","author":"N P Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2014.03.001","article-title":"Stent placement for the treatment of malignant superior vena cava syndrome - a single-center series of 56 patients","volume":"50","author":"G Sobrinho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.910165","article-title":"Superior vena cava syndrome in conjunction with pulmonary vasculature compromise: a case study and literature review","volume":"19","author":"V Skovira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.189.2.8210386","article-title":"Self-expandable metallic stent therapy for superior vena cava syndrome: clinical observations","volume":"189","author":"K Kishi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(99)70127-2","article-title":"Management of misplaced or migrated endovascular stents","volume":"10","author":"S M Slonim","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-018-1906-3","article-title":"Comparison of covered versus uncovered stents for benign superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction","volume":"41","author":"M M Haddad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2014.15.1.87","article-title":"Covered stent placement for the treatment of malignant superior vena cava syndrome: is unilateral covered stenting safe and effective?","volume":"15","author":"Y Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Interventional Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0042-1753480.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T22:44:53Z","timestamp":1661985893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0042-1753480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1753480","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0739-9529","1098-8963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0739-9529","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}}}