{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:56:37Z","timestamp":1779893797671,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Objectives\u2003This article identifies undiagnosed DM (UDM) cases in the Pakistani population by perceiving the signs and symptoms of DM and associating them with oral manifestations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Material and Methods\u2003In this cross-sectional study, patients showing at least three or more classical or warning signs like polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and general weakness were considered UDM cases. Detailed oral examination for gingivitis, periodontitis, halitosis, xerostomia, and tongue manifestations was done followed by the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Out of 5,878 patients, 214 UDM cases were identified, where 31.8% and 39.7% of the patients were diagnosed as prediabetics and diabetics, respectively, based on HbA1c analysis. Prevalence of gingivitis (97.6%), fissured tongue (91.8%), generalized periodontitis (85.9%), thick saliva (87.1%), xerostomia (84.7%), burning mouth syndrome (63.5%), yellow discoloration of tongue (57.6%), and ecchymosis\/ulcers (43.5%) were more in diabetics as compared to prediabetic patients and normal population.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003The oral manifestations can be crucial for identifying UDM cases. Dentists can play a pivotal role by taking detailed history and thorough oral examination. If three or more symptoms as concluded above are present, an HbA1c analysis should be conducted to prevent preop and postop complications associated with DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1755553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T23:07:21Z","timestamp":1665529641000},"page":"784-789","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Oral Manifestations: A Reliable Indicator for Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus Patients"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7620-8244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maliha","family":"Shahbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0849-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhat","family":"Kazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Rashid Latif Dental College\/Rashid Latif Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6009-0480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna Abdul","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, Rashid Latif Dental College\/Rashid Latif Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7285-238X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saadia","family":"Manzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Rashid Latif Dental College\/Rashid Latif Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3064-4478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faiza Awais","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, Rashid Latif Dental College\/Rashid Latif Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0971-3413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahrayne","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Rashid Latif Dental College\/Rashid Latif Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections 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