{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T13:05:18Z","timestamp":1792760718971,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Advances in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing software have improved translational applications of virtual surgical planning (VSP) in craniomaxillofacial surgery, allowing for precise and accurate fabrication of cutting guides, stereolithographic models, and custom implants. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) imaging has traditionally been the gold standard imaging modality for VSP in craniomaxillofacial surgery but delivers ionizing radiation. Black bone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reduces the risks related to radiation exposure and has comparable functionality when compared with CT for VSP. Our group has studied the accuracy of utilizing black bone MRI in planning and executing several types of craniofacial surgeries, including cranial vault remodeling, maxillary advancement, and mandibular reconstruction using fibular bone. Here, we review clinical applications of black bone MRI pertaining to VSP and three-dimensional (3D)-printed guide creation for craniomaxillofacial surgery. Herein, we review the existing literature and our institutional experience comparing black bone MRI and CT in VSP-generated 3D model creation in cadaveric craniofacial surgeries including cranial vault reconstruction, maxillary advancement, and mandibular reconstruction with fibular free flap. Cadaver studies have demonstrated the ability to perform VSP and execute the procedure based on black bone MRI data and achieve outcomes similar to CT when performed for cranial vault reshaping, maxillary advancement, and mandibular reconstruction with free fibula. Limitations of the technology include increased time and costs of the MRI compared with CT and the possible need for general anesthesia or sedation in the pediatric population. VSP and 3D surgical guide creation can be performed using black bone MRI with comparable accuracy to high-resolution CT scans in a wide variety of craniofacial reconstructions. Successful segmentation, VSP, and 3D printing of accurate guides from black bone MRI demonstrate potential to change the preoperative planning standard of care. Black bone MRI also reduces exposure to ionizing radiation, which is of particular concern for the pediatric population or patients undergoing multiple scans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1756451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T23:49:10Z","timestamp":1670456950000},"page":"192-198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Black Bone MRI for Virtual Surgical Planning in Craniomaxillofacial Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Krishna S.","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa A.","family":"Suchyta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher H.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Gibreel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Mardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"},{"name":"Essam and Dalal Obaid Center for Reconstructive Transplant Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2022.01.016","article-title":"Virtual surgical planning (VSP) in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction","volume":"30","author":"K Vyas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1384811","article-title":"Virtual surgical planning in craniofacial surgery","volume":"28","author":"H Chim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000696","article-title":"Developments in X-ray contrast media and the potential impact on computed tomography","volume":"55","author":"L Sch\u00f6ckel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-9485.2011.02240.x","article-title":"Patterns in paediatric CT use: an international and epidemiological perspective","volume":"55","author":"M S Pearce","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60815-0","article-title":"Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"380","author":"M S Pearce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31819e26d5","article-title":"Increasing concern regarding computed tomography irradiation in craniofacial surgery","volume":"123","author":"L F Domeshek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.440","article-title":"Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007","volume":"169","author":"A Berrington de Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref9","first-page":"217","article-title":"The ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) concept in pediatric CT intelligent dose reduction. 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injury in children?","volume":"38","author":"M HG Dremmen","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-018-2127-9","article-title":"Black bone MRI with 3D reconstruction for the detection of skull fractures in children with suspected abusive head trauma","volume":"61","author":"S F Kralik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130236","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20130236","article-title":"\u201cBlack Bone\u201d MRI: a potential non-ionizing method for three-dimensional cephalometric analysis\u2013a preliminary feasibility study","volume":"42","author":"K A Eley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-05257-8","article-title":"Preliminary experience with black bone magnetic resonance 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Barnea-Goraly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200061","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20200061","article-title":"Clinical application of \u201cblack bone\u201d imaging in paediatric craniofacial disorders","volume":"94","author":"X Z Low","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006552","article-title":"Automated segmentation of the craniofacial skeleton with \u201cblack bone\u201d magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"31","author":"K A Eley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-020-02508-7","article-title":"Automated 3D MRI rendering of the craniofacial skeleton: using ZTE to drive the segmentation of black bone and FIESTA-C images","volume":"63","author":"K A Eley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2019.07.011","article-title":"Virtual surgical planning in oral and maxillofacial surgery","volume":"31","author":"J Hua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0042-1756451.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T23:50:44Z","timestamp":1670457044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0042-1756451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1756451","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-2188","1536-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-2188","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}}}