{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:28:11Z","timestamp":1781756891928,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Angiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The population of elderly adults is increasing globally. It has been projected that the population of adults aged 65 years will increase by approximately 80% by 2050 in the United States. Similarly, the elderly population is rising in other countries; a notable example being Japan where approximately 30% of the population are aged above 65 years. The pathophysiology and management of heart failure (HF) in this age group tend to have more intricacies than in younger age groups owing to the presence of multiple comorbidities. The normal aging biology includes progressive disruption at cellular and genetic levels and changes in molecular signaling and mechanical activities that contribute to myocardial abnormalities. Older adults with HF secondary to ischemic or valvular heart disease may benefit from surgical therapy, valve replacement or repair for valvular heart disease and coronary artery bypass grafting for coronary artery disease. While referring these patients for surgery, patient and family expectations and life expectations should be taken into account. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and the management of HF in the elderly, specifically discussing important geriatric domains such as frailty, cognitive impairment, delirium, polypharmacy, and multimorbidity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T00:54:50Z","timestamp":1668214490000},"page":"251-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pathophysiology and Management of Heart Failure in the Elderly"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Nakeya","family":"Dewaswala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1426-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinayak","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huzefa","family":"Bhopalwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Whitesburg, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Khan","family":"Minhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Forrest General Hospital, Hattiesburg, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Keshavamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2022.01.1667","article-title":"Gender-based differences in heart transplantation rates","volume":"41","author":"N Dewaswala","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.03.051","article-title":"Utilization of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with heart transplant (from National Inpatient Sample Database)","volume":"175","author":"A MK Minhas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(21)02008-8","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes in hospitalizations for heart transplant with and without obesity: analysis of national inpatient sample 2004\u20132014","volume":"77","author":"A M Khan Minhas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2022.01.808","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 vaccination after orthotopic heart transplantation","volume":"41","author":"A Noor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.14740\/cr1389","article-title":"Outcomes of heart failure in COVID-19 patients: an Appalachian experience","volume":"13","author":"H Bhopalwala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiol Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2021.11.002","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock complicating non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: an 18-year study","volume":"244","author":"S Vallabhajosyula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001895","article-title":"Cardiogenic shock complicating ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: an 18-year analysis of temporal trends, epidemiology, management, and outcomes","volume":"57","author":"S Vallabhajosyula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.04.005","article-title":"So! What's aging? Is cardiovascular aging a disease?","volume":"83","author":"E G Lakatta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.07.059","article-title":"Time course of LDL cholesterol exposure and cardiovascular disease event risk","volume":"76","author":"M J Domanski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.064","article-title":"The aging cardiovascular system: understanding it at the cellular and clinical levels","volume":"69","author":"F Paneni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-011-9270-2","article-title":"Age-associated changes in cardiovascular structure and function: a fertile milieu for future disease","volume":"17","author":"J L Fleg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101199","article-title":"Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with in-hospital outcomes in primary heart failure hospitalizations with reduced or preserved ejection fraction","author":"A MK Minhas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S355083","article-title":"Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 in the rural Appalachian region","volume":"15","author":"H Bhopalwala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.09.028","article-title":"Left ventricular hypertrophy patterns and incidence of heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction","volume":"113","author":"R S Velagaleti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1080\/08037051.2016.1179514","article-title":"Relationship of diastolic function to new or persistent electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"25","author":"M T Tanoue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00791","article-title":"Coexisting frailty with heart failure","volume":"10","author":"I Uchmanowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype","volume":"56","author":"L P Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62167-9","article-title":"Frailty in elderly people","volume":"381","author":"A Clegg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.09.070","article-title":"Frailty assessment in the cardiovascular care of older adults","volume":"63","author":"J Afilalo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0064-2","article-title":"Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty","volume":"15","author":"L Ferrucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu127","article-title":"Aging and the burden of multimorbidity: associations with inflammatory and anabolic hormonal biomarkers","volume":"70","author":"E Fabbri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glp097","article-title":"Higher inflammatory marker levels in older persons: associations with 5-year change in muscle mass and muscle strength","volume":"64","author":"L A Schaap","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"55","article-title":"Inflammation, frailty and cardiovascular disease","volume":"1216","author":"P Soysal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61931-4","article-title":"Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 82 studies","volume":"379","author":"N Sarwar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.05.015","article-title":"Frailty: a vital sign for older adults with cardiovascular disease","volume":"32","author":"D E Forman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2013.07.002","article-title":"Normal cognitive aging","volume":"29","author":"C N Harada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"39","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.29.39.36.e9425","article-title":"Brain function, disease and dementia","volume":"29","author":"M B Sandilyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.101","article-title":"Outcomes of mild cognitive impairment by definition: a population study","volume":"68","author":"M Ganguli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"135","article-title":"Heart disease as a risk factor for dementia","volume":"5","author":"B N Justin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref31","first-page":"150","article-title":"Localized cerebral blood flow reductions in patients with heart failure: a study using 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT","volume":"15","author":"T CTF Alves","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.01.001","article-title":"Systemic hypoperfusion is associated with executive dysfunction in geriatric cardiac patients","volume":"28","author":"A L Jefferson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.05.015","article-title":"The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications","volume":"54","author":"F Triposkiadis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1101.098360","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic heart failure before and after heart transplantation","volume":"32","author":"N Gruhn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.905091","article-title":"Cardiac index is associated with brain aging: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"122","author":"A L Jefferson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1179\/016164106X130489","article-title":"Congestive heart failure and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"M C Polidori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-0249-3","article-title":"Cognitive impairment: a key feature of congestive heart failure in the elderly","volume":"250","author":"L Trojano","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2008.01790.x","article-title":"Contributors to cognitive impairment in congestive heart failure: a pilot case-control study","volume":"39","author":"C Beer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.11.012","article-title":"Mortality from heart failure and dementia in the United States: CDC WONDER 1999-2016","volume":"25","author":"J T Vuong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.08.340","article-title":"Healthcare disparities in dementia patients admitted with CHF exacerbation: nis database analysis","volume":"156","author":"R Ramanathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2020.05.020","article-title":"Effect of concurrent dementia on heart failure hospital outcomes: Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2007-2014)","volume":"27","author":"J T Vuong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S124342","article-title":"Comparing the predictive accuracy of frailty, comorbidity, and disability for mortality: a 1-year follow-up in patients hospitalized in geriatric wards","volume":"12","author":"M Ritt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"229","article-title":"Geriatric syndromes in an urban elderly population in Cameroon: a focus on disability, sarcopenia and cognitive impairment","volume":"37","author":"M JN Essomba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1212324","article-title":"Post-hospital syndrome\u2014an acquired, transient condition of generalized risk","volume":"368","author":"H M Krumholz","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800722","article-title":"Effect of aspirin on disability-free survival in the healthy elderly","volume":"379","author":"J J McNeil","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2011.04.015","article-title":"Risk factors for onset of disability among older persons newly diagnosed with heart failure: the Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"17","author":"S I Chaudhry","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2016.08.011","article-title":"Disability-adjusted life years lost due to ischemic heart disease in mainland Portugal, 2013","volume":"36","author":"A Henriques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.08.017","article-title":"Trends in comorbidity, disability, and polypharmacy in heart failure","volume":"124","author":"C Y Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref49","first-page":"429","article-title":"Endpoints in heart failure drug development: history and future","volume":"8","author":"M Fiuzat","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-014-0186-8","article-title":"Polypharmacy in heart failure patients","volume":"11","author":"V Mastromarino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15634","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy in older adults with cardiovascular disease: report from an American College of Cardiology, American Geriatrics Society, and National Institute on Aging Workshop","volume":"67","author":"J B Schwartz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.014281","article-title":"Medication initiation burden required to comply with heart failure guideline recommendations and hospital quality measures","volume":"132","author":"L A Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2014.07.005","article-title":"Polypharmacy in heart failure: drugs to use and avoid","volume":"10","author":"B N Reed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Fail Clin"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2021.12.004","article-title":"Frailty, guideline-directed medical therapy, and outcomes in HFrEF: from the GUIDE-IT Trial","volume":"10","author":"M S Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006977","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.006977","article-title":"Polypharmacy in older adults hospitalized for heart failure","volume":"13","author":"O Unlu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2013.827660","article-title":"Clinical consequences of polypharmacy in elderly","volume":"13","author":"R L Maher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2016.06.003","article-title":"Prioritizing interventions to manage polypharmacy in Australian aged care facilities","volume":"13","author":"N Jokanovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1Q689","article-title":"Medication use and associated risk of falling in a geriatric outpatient population","volume":"46","author":"K N Freeland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.059","article-title":"Domain management approach to heart failure in the geriatric patient: present and future","volume":"71","author":"E Z Gorodeski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070193","article-title":"Normal-sodium diet compared with low-sodium diet in compensated congestive heart failure: is sodium an old enemy or a new friend?","volume":"114","author":"S Paterna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref61","first-page":"37","article-title":"Is there sufficient evidence to justify changes in dietary habits in heart failure patients? A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med (Korean Assoc Intern Med)"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref62","first-page":"e147","article-title":"2013 ACCF\/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"62","author":"C W Yancy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00393-1","article-title":"Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs in patients > or = 75 years of age","volume":"78","author":"C J Lavie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2003.11.032","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease","volume":"93","author":"D G Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2017.1418191","article-title":"Exercise through a cardiac rehabilitation program attenuates oxidative stress in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"23","author":"J F Taty Zau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Rep"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.04.052","article-title":"Heart failure as a newly approved diagnosis for cardiac rehabilitation: challenges and opportunities","volume":"65","author":"D E Forman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref67","first-page":"CD003331","article-title":"Exercise based rehabilitation for heart failure","author":"E J Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.454","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial","volume":"301","author":"C M O'Connor","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"CD003331","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure","volume":"1","author":"L Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.03.004","article-title":"Burden of comorbidities and functional and cognitive impairments in elderly patients at the initial diagnosis of heart failure and their impact on total mortality: the cardiovascular health study","volume":"3","author":"K Murad","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2003.08.003","article-title":"Specialist care of heart failure improves appropriate pharmacotherapy at the expense of greater polypharmacy and drug-interactions","volume":"6","author":"M Ledwidge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313731","article-title":"Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"370","author":"B Pitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23802","article-title":"Repetitive milrinone therapy in ambulatory advanced heart failure patients","volume":"45","author":"M Laufer-Perl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref74","first-page":"e895","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"145","author":"P A Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx564","article-title":"Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials","volume":"39","author":"J GF Cleland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.11.2807","article-title":"Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure","volume":"94","author":"M R Bristow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.10.1295","article-title":"Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR\/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF)","volume":"283","author":"A Hjalmarson","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11181-9","article-title":"A randomised trial","volume":"353","author":"The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II)","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409077","article-title":"Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure","volume":"371","author":"J JV McMurray","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2019-0089","article-title":"ARNI in cardiovascular disease: current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"16","author":"P K Kuchulakanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Cardiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002744","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002744","article-title":"Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of sacubitril\/valsartan (LCZ696) in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to determine impact on global mortality and morbidity in heart failure (PARADIGM-HF) trial","volume":"9","author":"S D Solomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.3957","article-title":"Estimated 5-year number needed to treat to prevent cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization with angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibition vs standard therapy for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of data from the PARADIGM-HF Trial","volume":"3","author":"P K Srivastava","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908655","article-title":"Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"381","author":"S D Solomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2115011","article-title":"Gliflozins in the management of cardiovascular disease","volume":"386","author":"E Braunwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044133","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction according to age: insights from DAPA-HF","volume":"141","author":"F A Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060402","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of the effects of dapagliflozin in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: DEFINE-HF","volume":"146","author":"S Selvaraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure","volume":"383","author":"M Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91074-9","article-title":"Double-blind comparison of captopril alone against frusemide plus amiloride in mild heart failure","volume":"2","author":"A Richardson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612263352601","article-title":"Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia","volume":"335","author":"A J Moss","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013474","article-title":"Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"346","author":"A J Moss","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033088","article-title":"Prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"350","author":"A Kadish","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043399","article-title":"Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure","volume":"352","author":"G H Bardy","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013168","article-title":"Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure","volume":"346","author":"W T Abraham","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032423","article-title":"Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure","volume":"350","author":"M R Bristow","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050496","article-title":"The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure","volume":"352","author":"J GF Cleland","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2007.07.013","article-title":"Surgical treatment of heart failure in the elderly","volume":"3","author":"R Malekan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart Fail Clin"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2008.02.087","article-title":"Left ventricular assist device as bridge to transplantation does not adversely affect one-year heart transplantation survival","volume":"136","author":"J C Cleveland Jr","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012175","article-title":"Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure","volume":"345","author":"E A Rose","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-00111-9","article-title":"First pig-to-human heart transplant: what can scientists learn?","volume":"601","author":"S Reardon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003588","article-title":"Pathways to clinical cardiac xenotransplantation","volume":"105","author":"B Reichart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0b013e3283542eec","article-title":"The role of cardiac surgery in adult patients with congenital heart disease","volume":"14","author":"M A Padalino","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2019.08.005","article-title":"Heart failure in adult patients with congenital heart disease","volume":"37","author":"V M Smit-Fun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024800","article-title":"Ten-year outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting according to age in patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: an analysis of the extended follow-up of the STICH Trial (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure)","volume":"134","author":"M C Petrie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2019.04.018","article-title":"CABG improves outcomes in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: 10-year follow-up of the STICH Trial","volume":"7","author":"J G Howlett","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2133","article-title":"Transcatheter treatment of valvular heart disease: a review","volume":"325","author":"L J Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12287","article-title":"Mitral valve interventions in heart failure","volume":"5","author":"D Lavall","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1806640","article-title":"Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure","volume":"379","author":"G W Stone","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"ref108","first-page":"2935","article-title":"Transcatheter tricuspid valve interventions: landscape, challenges, and future directions","volume":"71","author":"L Asmarats","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900486","article-title":"A fully magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device\u2014final report","volume":"380","author":"M R Mehra","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.12.038","article-title":"The society of thoracic surgeons INTERMACS 2020 annual report","volume":"111","author":"E J Molina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2021.11.078","article-title":"HVAD to heartmate 3 left ventricular assist device exchange: best practices recommendations","volume":"113","author":"C T Salerno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2020.01.173","article-title":"Two-year outcomes in HeartMate 3 versus HeartWare HVAD patients implanted as destination therapy","volume":"39","author":"L Coyle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.12158","article-title":"Clinical differences between continuous flow ventricular assist devices: a comparison between HeartMate II and HeartWare HVAD","volume":"28","author":"S D Lalonde","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Card Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref114","first-page":"2172","article-title":"The total artificial heart","volume":"7","author":"J A Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008527","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008527","article-title":"Intra-aortic balloon pumping in acute decompensated heart failure with hypoperfusion: from pathophysiology to clinical practice","volume":"14","author":"L Baldetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-022-01871-1","article-title":"Single center first year experience and outcomes with Impella 5.5 left ventricular assist device","volume":"17","author":"J R Rock","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-022-01328-1","article-title":"Three-year experience of catheter-based micro-axial left ventricular assist device, Impella, in Japanese patients: the first interim analysis of Japan registry for percutaneous ventricular assist device (J-PVAD)","author":"K Toda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Artif Organs"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2004.09.006","article-title":"Worldwide clinical experience with the CorCap cardiac support device","volume":"10","author":"R C Starling","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.11.052","article-title":"First successful LVAD implantation after bioventrix revivent TC ventricular reshaping","volume":"112","author":"A C Agdamag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref120","first-page":"815","article-title":"Current status of cardiomyoplasty as surgical alternative for end-stage heart failure","volume":"39","author":"A Dumcius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011433402184","article-title":"The Batista procedure: fact, fiction and its role in the management of heart failure","volume":"6","author":"T Abe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000018","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for heart failure","volume":"22","author":"R E Michler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2542-9","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"11","author":"Y Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.2617","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for heart failure: an unfulfilled promise?","volume":"321","author":"G Curfman","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63068","article-title":"Regenerating new heart with stem cells","volume":"123","author":"P Anversa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Angiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0042-1758357.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T18:15:56Z","timestamp":1701368156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0042-1758357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1758357","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1061-1711","1615-5939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1061-1711","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-5939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]}}}