{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:42:16Z","timestamp":1791308536823,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infected individuals throughout the world remain at significant risk of respiratory infections and non-communicable disease. Severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a hyperinflammatory phenotype which manifests in the lungs as pneumonia and in some cases can lead to acute respiratory failure. Progression to severe COVID-19 is associated with comorbid disease such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, however data concerning the associated risks of HIV coinfection are still conflicting, with large population studies demonstrating poorer outcomes, whilst smaller, case-controlled studies showing better outcomes. Furthermore, underlying immunopathological processes within the lungs and elsewhere, including interactions with other opportunistic infections (OI), remain largely undefined. Nonetheless, new and repurposed anti-viral therapies and vaccines which have been developed are safe to use in this population, and anti-inflammatory agents are recommended with the caveat that the coexistence of opportunistic infections is considered and excluded. Finally, HIV infected patients remain reliant on good ART adherence practices to maintain HIV viral suppression, and some of these practices were disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic, putting these patients at further risk for acute and long-term adverse outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T23:35:55Z","timestamp":1673912155000},"page":"035-049","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["HIV and COVID-19 Disease"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Jacqui P.","family":"Venturas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Universtity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic","volume":"91","author":"D Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01479-w","article-title":"From SARS and MERS to COVID-19: a brief summary and comparison of severe acute respiratory infections caused by three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses","volume":"21","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-9-200411020-00006","article-title":"The epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome in the 2003 Hong Kong epidemic: an analysis of all 1755 patients","volume":"141","author":"G M Leung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e217","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30127-0","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: risk factors and determinants of primary, household, and nosocomial transmission","volume":"18","author":"D S Hui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200403260-00021","article-title":"Coronavirus infection in an AIDS patient","volume":"18","author":"A T Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01060-6","article-title":"Global strategies to prevent bacterial pneumonia in adults with HIV disease","volume":"4","author":"D R Feikin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1086\/504871","article-title":"Bacterial pneumonia, HIV therapy, and disease progression among HIV-infected women in the HIV epidemiologic research (HER) study","volume":"43","author":"R Kohli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.13.1533","article-title":"Epidemiologic changes in bacteremic pneumococcal disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"165","author":"I Grau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis549","article-title":"Influenza-related mortality among adults aged 25-54 years with AIDS in South Africa and the United States of America","volume":"55","author":"C Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1086\/322040","article-title":"The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia at an urban public hospital: influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and initial severity of illness","volume":"184","author":"D R Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.04.001","article-title":"Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: impact of HIV on clinical presentation and outcome","volume":"55","author":"C Feldman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199509283331305","article-title":"Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"333","author":"R E Hirschtick","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1086\/319218","article-title":"Pneumococcal disease among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: incidence, risk factors, and impact of vaccination","volume":"32","author":"M S Dworkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1590_16","article-title":"Aetiological spectrum of severe community-acquired pneumonia in HIV-positive patients from Pune, India","volume":"147","author":"A Mane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3724-x","article-title":"A decade of antiretroviral therapy in Uganda: what are the emerging causes of death?","volume":"19","author":"A N Kiragga","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu701","article-title":"Cross-sectional comparison of the prevalence of age-associated comorbidities and their risk factors between HIV-infected and uninfected individuals: the AGEhIV cohort study","volume":"59","author":"J Schouten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir627","article-title":"Premature age-related comorbidities among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population","volume":"53","author":"G Guaraldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.03.019","article-title":"Methylome-wide analysis of chronic HIV infection reveals five-year increase in biological age and epigenetic targeting of HLA","volume":"62","author":"A M Gross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2276","article-title":"Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences","volume":"214","author":"V Appay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw275","article-title":"Immunologic biomarkers, morbidity, and mortality in treated HIV infection","volume":"214","author":"P W Hunt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2005","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1198","article-title":"Risk Factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa","volume":"73","author":"Western Cape Department of Health in collaboration with the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30305-2","article-title":"HIV infection and COVID-19 death: a population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform","volume":"8","author":"K Bhaskaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F3","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002666","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with HIV: a multicentre research network study","volume":"34","author":"Y B Hadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa380","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and immunologic characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in people with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"223","author":"H E Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12920","article-title":"Prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with HIV infection in New York City","volume":"22","author":"H Miyashita","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01438-z","article-title":"COVID-19 in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: a case series of 33 patients","volume":"48","author":"G H\u00e4rter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e554","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30164-8","article-title":"Description of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals: a single-centre, prospective cohort","volume":"7","author":"P Vizcarra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117592","article-title":"Ribavirin, remdesivir, sofosbuvir, galidesivir, and tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp): a molecular docking study","volume":"253","author":"A A Elfiky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03011-14","article-title":"Screening of an FDA-approved compound library identifies four small-molecule inhibitors of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in cell culture","volume":"58","author":"A H de Wilde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.021","article-title":"HIV-1 and SIV infection are associated with early loss of lung interstitial CD4+ T cells and dissemination of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"26","author":"B Corleis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0125500","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125500","article-title":"SIV infection of lung macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808722","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.808722","article-title":"Pulmonary immune dysregulation and viral persistence during HIV infection","volume":"12","author":"Y Alexandrova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.153825","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar CD4+ T cell responses to respiratory antigens are impaired in HIV-infected adults","volume":"66","author":"K C Jambo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201408-1521OC","article-title":"Lymphocytic alveolitis is associated with the accumulation of functionally impaired HIV-specific T cells in the lung of antiretroviral therapy-naive subjects","volume":"191","author":"C P Neff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw422","article-title":"HIV suppression restores the lung mucosal CD4+ T-cell viral immune response and resolves CD8+ T-cell alveolitis in patients at risk for HIV-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"214","author":"I Popescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0133","article-title":"Healthy HIV-1-infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy harbor HIV-1 in their alveolar macrophages","volume":"31","author":"S K Cribbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2018","article-title":"Pathogenesis of HIV-related lung disease: immunity, infection, and inflammation","volume":"100","author":"S K Cribbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.4.1038","article-title":"HIV-1 and the lung. Infectivity, pathogenic mechanisms, and cellular immune responses taking place in the lower respiratory tract","volume":"147","author":"C Agostini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0341OC","article-title":"HIV impairs TNF-alpha release in response to Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation in human macrophages in vitro","volume":"33","author":"S D Tachado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26478","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26478","article-title":"HIV-dependent depletion of influenza-specific memory B cells impacts B cell responsiveness to seasonal influenza immunisation","volume":"6","author":"A K Wheatley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072683","article-title":"Evidence for HIV-associated B cell exhaustion in a dysfunctional memory B cell compartment in HIV-infected viremic individuals","volume":"205","author":"S Moir","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0149679","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149679","article-title":"HIV Impairs lung epithelial integrity and enters the epithelium to promote chronic lung inflammation","volume":"11","author":"K A Brune","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1732","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of coronavirus infections: implications for SARS","volume":"5","author":"S Perlman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1383","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061383","article-title":"Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps drive necroinflammation in COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"B Tomar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"R Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118102","article-title":"Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions","volume":"257","author":"A Jafarzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc8511","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511","article-title":"Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications","volume":"369","author":"D Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0402-6","article-title":"T cell responses in patients with COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Z Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00827","article-title":"Reduction and functional exhaustion of T Cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"11","author":"B Diao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa344","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"71","author":"J Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.05.010","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals that delayed bystander CD8+ T cell activation and early immune pathology distinguish severe COVID-19 from mild disease","volume":"54","author":"L Bergamaschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01122-w","article-title":"The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"23","author":"P Moss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149125","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI149125","article-title":"Relationship of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 response to COVID-19 severity and impact of HIV-1 and tuberculosis coinfection","volume":"131","author":"C Riou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103967","article-title":"T cell response against SARS-CoV-2 persists after one year in patients surviving severe COVID-19","volume":"78","author":"F Venet","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.09.007","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 viral load predicts mortality in patients with and without cancer who are hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"38","author":"L F Westblade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref62","first-page":"1525","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 viremia is associated with COVID-19 severity and predicts clinical outcomes","volume":"74","author":"J L Jacobs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19057-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality","volume":"11","author":"J Fajnzylber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06723-2","article-title":"People living with HIV easily lose their immune response to SARS-CoV-2: result from a cohort of COVID-19 cases in Wuhan, China","volume":"21","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26556","article-title":"COVID-19 in people living with HIV: clinical implications of dynamics of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"93","author":"A Mondi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.09.005","article-title":"Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in people living with HIV","volume":"54","author":"S Yamamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref67","first-page":"88","article-title":"Persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific AB response in HIV+ individuals on art","volume":"29","author":"S Pallikkuth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab758","article-title":"Similar antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV uninfected and infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy during the first South African infection wave","author":"J Snyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768138","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.768138","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses among people with HIV","volume":"9","author":"M L Alcaide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005687","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005687","article-title":"Patients with tuberculosis have a dysfunctional circulating B-Cell compartment, which normalizes following successful treatment","volume":"12","author":"S A Joosten","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.049","article-title":"HIV\/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: T cell profile, cytokine dynamics and role of exhausted lymphocytes","volume":"102","author":"K S Sharov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002540","article-title":"Brief report: virologic and immunologic outcomes for HIV patients with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"86","author":"R Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.090","article-title":"Coinfection of tuberculosis and COVID-19 limits the ability to in vitro respond to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"113","author":"L Petrone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2086","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1186","article-title":"Epidemiological, virological and serological features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Wuhan: a population-based cohort study","volume":"73","author":"J Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1985","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1985","article-title":"Features of 20\u2009133 UK patients in hospital with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol: prospective observational cohort study","volume":"369","author":"A B Docherty","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e554","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00151-X","article-title":"Risk factors for COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality in a high HIV and tuberculosis prevalence setting in South Africa: a cohort study","volume":"8","author":"W Jassat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e314","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30111-9","article-title":"COVID-19 in patients with HIV: clinical case series","volume":"7","author":"J L Blanco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa635","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes in people living with human immunodeficiency virus hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"71","author":"N Shalev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01492-7","article-title":"COVID-19 in patients with HIV-1 infection: a single-centre experience in northern Italy","volume":"49","author":"L Calza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002639","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 attack rate in HIV-infected patients and in preexposure prophylaxis users","volume":"34","author":"C Charre","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3689","article-title":"Incidence and severity of COVID-19 in HIV-positive persons receiving antiretroviral therapy: a cohort study","volume":"173","author":"J Del Amo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002643","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, risk factors, and incidence of symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 in a large cohort of adults living with HIV: a single-center, prospective observational study","volume":"34","author":"A Inciarte","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002531","article-title":"COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes among people living with HIV in San Francisco","volume":"86","author":"D Sachdev","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002607","article-title":"Disproportionate burden of coronavirus disease 2019 among racial minorities and those in congregate settings among a large cohort of people with HIV","volume":"34","author":"E A Meyerowitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa657","article-title":"Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and human immunodeficiency virus: a case series","volume":"71","author":"K Childs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1548","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1548","article-title":"Is ethnicity linked to incidence or outcomes of COVID-19?","volume":"369","author":"K Khunti","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.07.21251079","article-title":"Explaining ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality: population-based, prospective cohort study","author":"G D Batty","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002758","article-title":"HIV infection prevalence significantly intersects with COVID-19 infection at the area level: a US county-level analysis","volume":"88","author":"H Luan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2095","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1605","article-title":"Outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related hospitalization among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the ISARIC World Health Organization (WHO) clinical characterization protocol (UK): a prospective observational study","volume":"73","author":"A M Geretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25573","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25573","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and HIV coinfection: clinical experience from Rhode Island, United States","volume":"23","author":"K M Byrd","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002423","article-title":"Outcomes among HIV-positive patients hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"85","author":"S Karmen-Tuohy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa880","article-title":"Coronavirus 2019 and people living with human immunodeficiency virus: outcomes for hospitalized patients in New York City","volume":"71","author":"K Sigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420973106","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of people living with HIV hospitalized with COVID-19: a nationwide experience","volume":"32","author":"M E Ceballos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13174","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of patients with and without HIV hospitalized with COVID-19 in England during the early stages of the pandemic: a matched retrospective multi-centre analysis (RECEDE-C19 study)","volume":"23","author":"M J Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e486","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00097-2","article-title":"Clinical features of, and risk factors for, severe or fatal COVID-19 among people living with HIV admitted to hospital: analysis of data from the WHO Global Clinical Platform of COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"S Bertagnolio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001235","article-title":"Antiretrovirals and risk of COVID-19 diagnosis and hospitalization in HIV-positive persons","volume":"31","author":"J Del Amo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061546","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19-related hospitalization among PLWH","volume":"11","author":"R Gagliardini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa579","article-title":"Clinical features and outcomes of patients with human immunodeficiency virus with COVID-19","volume":"71","author":"C Gervasoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e701","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00240-X","article-title":"Sociodemographic, clinical, and immunological factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and severe COVID-19 outcomes in people living with HIV: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"D K Nomah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103896","article-title":"Ageing with HIV: challenges and biomarkers","volume":"77","author":"B Rod\u00e9s","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-009-0038-4","article-title":"Early immune senescence in HIV disease","volume":"7","author":"S Desai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2012.00328","article-title":"Premature and accelerated aging: HIV or HAART?","volume":"3","author":"R L Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.05.020","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with COVID-19","volume":"83","author":"J Venturas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002836","article-title":"Risk of adverse coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes for people living with HIV","volume":"35","author":"M M Mellor","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v22i1.1220","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"T I Hariyanto","year":"2021","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002968","article-title":"An updated meta-analysis on the association between HIV infection and COVID-19 mortality","volume":"35","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-021-00427-y","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with HIV and COVID-19 co-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"C Danwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n2860","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2860","article-title":"Covid-19: AstraZeneca says its antibody drug AZD7442 is effective for preventing and reducing severe illness","volume":"375","author":"E Mahase","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116620","article-title":"Intramuscular AZD7442 (tixagevimab-cilgavimab) for prevention of Covid-19","volume":"386","author":"M J Levin","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2022.2078160","article-title":"Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 management: an update","volume":"22","author":"V P Chavda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110812","article-title":"LY-CoV1404 (bebtelovimab) potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"39","author":"K Westendorf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118542","article-title":"Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with Covid-19","volume":"386","author":"J Hammond","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19\u2014final report","volume":"383","author":"J H Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116044","article-title":"Molnupiravir for oral treatment of Covid-19 in nonhospitalized patients","volume":"386","author":"A Jayk Bernal","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05752-1","article-title":"An open-label, randomized, single intravenous dosing study to investigate the effect of fixed-dose combinations of tenofovir\/lamivudine or atazanavir\/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of remdesivir in Ugandan healthy volunteers (RemTLAR)","volume":"22","author":"S I Walimbwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00676-0","article-title":"Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial","volume":"397","author":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2100433","article-title":"Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically ill patients with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"A C Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"P Horby","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031994","article-title":"Baricitinib plus remdesivir for hospitalized adults with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"A C Kalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o97","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o97","article-title":"Covid-19: WHO recommends baricitinib and sotrovimab to treat patients","volume":"376","author":"Z Kmietowicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1887140","article-title":"Pharmacological considerations for the treatment of COVID-19 in people living with HIV (PLWH)","volume":"22","author":"M DM Gutierrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-022-00430-x","article-title":"Clinical outcomes after IL-6 blockade in patients with COVID-19 and HIV: a case series","volume":"19","author":"S J Minkove","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab212","article-title":"Randomized trial of ruxolitinib in antiretroviral-treated adults with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"74","author":"V C Marconi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-020-02882-1","article-title":"Ruxolitinib as first-line therapy in secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and HIV infection","volume":"112","author":"S G\u00e1lvez Acosta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"issue":"27","key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine","volume":"383","author":"F P Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101544","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"J Sadoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine","volume":"384","author":"L R Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e474","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00103-X","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV infection: a single-arm substudy of a phase 2\/3 clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"J Frater","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e568","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00157-0","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in people living with and without HIV in South Africa: an interim analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1B\/2A trial","volume":"8","author":"S A Madhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858399","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.858399","article-title":"Evaluation of humoral and cellular responses in SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinated immunocompromised patients","volume":"13","author":"M Oyaert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003017","article-title":"Safety and antibody response to two-dose SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccination in persons with HIV","volume":"35","author":"J A Ruddy","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003166","article-title":"Impaired antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination in advanced HIV infection","volume":"36","author":"N Hassold","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac089","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac089","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immune responses of patients with HIV after vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in the Tel-Aviv Medical Center","volume":"9","author":"L Tau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.07.031","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in people living with HIV-1","volume":"27","author":"I Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00275-2","article-title":"Effects of influenza vaccination in HIV-infected adults: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"S A Tasker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1006\/smim.1993.1020","article-title":"Cytokine modulation of HIV expression","volume":"5","author":"G Poli","year":"1993","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e916","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1009","article-title":"Differences in post-mRNA vaccination SARS-CoV-2 IgG concentrations and surrogate virus neutralization test response by HIV status and type of vaccine: a matched case-control observational study","volume":"75","author":"M A Spinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2103055","article-title":"Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 variant","volume":"384","author":"V Shinde","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00033-9","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of CoronaVac in people living with HIV: a prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"L C Netto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.7024","article-title":"Association between immune dysfunction and COVID-19 breakthrough infection after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in the US","volume":"182","author":"J Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.04.006","article-title":"Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination among people living with HIV during a COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"55","author":"K Y Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61591-3","article-title":"Efficacy assessment of a cell-mediated immunity HIV-1 vaccine (the step study): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, test-of-concept trial","volume":"372","author":"S P Buchbinder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61592-5","article-title":"HIV-1 vaccine-induced immunity in the test-of-concept step study: a case-cohort analysis","volume":"372","author":"M J McElrath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70098-6","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the HVTN 503\/Phambili study of a clade-B-based HIV-1 vaccine in South Africa: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled test-of-concept phase 2b study","volume":"11","author":"G E Gray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60202","article-title":"Human adenovirus-specific T cells modulate HIV-specific T cell responses to an Ad5-vectored HIV-1 vaccine","volume":"122","author":"N Frahm","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081786","article-title":"Activation of a dendritic cell-T cell axis by Ad5 immune complexes creates an improved environment for replication of HIV in T cells","volume":"205","author":"M Perreau","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006888","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006888","article-title":"Distinct susceptibility of HIV vaccine vector-induced CD4 T cells to HIV infection","volume":"14","author":"S Auclair","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32156-5","article-title":"Use of adenovirus type-5 vectored vaccines: a cautionary tale","volume":"396","author":"S P Buchbinder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00332-4","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination and HIV-1 acquisition","volume":"399","author":"D Y Logunov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104577 d","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104577","article-title":"Clinical predictors and timing of cessation of viral RNA shedding in patients with COVID-19","volume":"130","author":"C Corsini Campioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3786","article-title":"COVID-19: prolonged viral shedding in an HIV patient with literature review of risk factors for prolonged viral shedding and its implications for isolation strategies","volume":"9","author":"M Yousaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108728","article-title":"Early induction of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associates with rapid viral clearance and mild disease in COVID-19 patients","volume":"34","author":"A T Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac548","article-title":"Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection with accumulation of mutations in a patient with poorly controlled HIV infection","author":"T G Maponga","year":"2022"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.01.005","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 prolonged infection during advanced HIV disease evolves extensive immune escape","volume":"30","author":"S Cele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2710.211461","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 neutralization resistance mutations in patient with HIV\/AIDS, California, USA","volume":"27","author":"S A Hoffman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.03.21258228","article-title":"Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection and intra-host evolution in association with advanced HIV infection","author":"F Karim","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac409","article-title":"Generation of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants on B.1.1.7 lineage in three patients with advanced HIV disease","author":"A C Riddell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789882","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.789882","article-title":"The complexity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"13","author":"M K da Silva Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110668","article-title":"Insights into antiviral mechanisms of remdesivir, lopinavir\/ritonavir and chloroquine\/hydroxychloroquine affecting the new SARS-CoV-2","volume":"131","author":"K Uzunova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11224-020-01605-w","article-title":"Repurposing metocurine as main protease inhibitor to develop novel antiviral therapy for COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"R Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Struct Chem"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2020.02.001","article-title":"Potential inhibitors against 2019-nCoV coronavirus M protease from clinically approved medicines","volume":"47","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Genet Genomics"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.03.035","article-title":"Old drugs as lead compounds for a new disease? Binding analysis of SARS coronavirus main proteinase with HIV, psychotic and parasite drugs","volume":"12","author":"X W Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2174\/157340608783331443","article-title":"HIV protease inhibitors impact on apoptosis","volume":"4","author":"S A Rizza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Chem"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13940-6","article-title":"Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV","volume":"11","author":"T P Sheahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104786","article-title":"Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro","volume":"178","author":"K T Choy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19055-7","article-title":"A nanoluciferase SARS-CoV-2 for rapid neutralization testing and screening of anti-infective drugs for COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"X Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.04.083","article-title":"HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits replication of SARS-associated coronavirus","volume":"318","author":"N Yamamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040756","article-title":"A study of 3CLpros as promising targets against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2","volume":"9","author":"S Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658","article-title":"Role of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings","volume":"59","author":"C M Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25985","article-title":"The anti-HIV drug nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept) is a potent inhibitor of cell fusion caused by the SARSCoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein warranting further evaluation as an antiviral against COVID-19 infections","volume":"92","author":"F Musarrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv392","article-title":"Treatment with lopinavir\/ritonavir or interferon-\u03b21b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset","volume":"212","author":"J F Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01114-20","article-title":"Antiviral efficacies of FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets","volume":"11","author":"S J Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-03020-w","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir\/ritonavir in Covid-19 patients","volume":"77","author":"J C Alvarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2020.1842882","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness concerns of lopinavir\/ritonavir in COVID-19 affected patients: a retrospective series","volume":"59","author":"M A Lepage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa195","article-title":"Lopinavir pharmacokinetics in COVID-19 patients","volume":"75","author":"M Gregoire","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref192","first-page":"399","article-title":"Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with lopinavir\/ritonavir: a multicentre retrospective matched cohort study","volume":"9","author":"K S Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015294","article-title":"Interferon Beta-1b and lopinavir-ritonavir for Middle East Respiratory syndrome","volume":"383","author":"Y M Arabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818446","DOI":"10.1080\/20016689.2020.1818446","article-title":"Chinese guidelines related to novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"T Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mark Access Health Policy"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"B Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008043","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"A Carmona-Bayonas","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4","article-title":"Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial","volume":"395","author":"I F Hung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref198","first-page":"S253","article-title":"Lopinavir-ritonavir versus hydroxychloroquine for viral clearance and clinical improvement in patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"36","author":"J W Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med (Korean Assoc Intern Med)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000799","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00799-2020","article-title":"Factors associated with prolonged viral shedding and impact of lopinavir\/ritonavir treatment in hospitalised non-critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"56","author":"D Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-00966-9","article-title":"Lopinavir-ritonavir in the treatment of COVID-19: a dynamic systematic benefit-risk assessment","volume":"43","author":"V Osborne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3385","article-title":"The protease inhibitor lopinavir, boosted with ritonavir, as treatment for COVID-19: a rapid review","volume":"25","author":"J Dorward","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03117-9","article-title":"Comparison of hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir\/ritonavir, and standard of care in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: an opportunistic retrospective analysis","volume":"24","author":"M Lecronier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref203","first-page":"246","article-title":"Lopinavir\/ritonavir for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"B Amani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32013-4","article-title":"Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial","volume":"396","author":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06448-5","article-title":"Lopinavir-ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine for critically ill patients with COVID-19: REMAP-CAP randomized controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Y M Arabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2023184","article-title":"Repurposed antiviral drugs for Covid-19\u2014interim WHO solidarity trial results","volume":"384","author":"H Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e216468","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.6468","article-title":"Effect of early treatment with hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir and ritonavir on risk of hospitalization among patients with COVID-19: the TOGETHER randomized clinical trial","volume":"4","author":"G Reis","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05134-7","article-title":"Post-exposure prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 in close contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases (CORIPREV): study protocol for a cluster-randomized trial","volume":"22","author":"D HS Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e040110","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040110","article-title":"Efficacy of pragmatic same-day ring prophylaxis for adult individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland (COPEP): protocol of an open-label cluster randomised trial","volume":"10","author":"M Smit","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00674","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.674","article-title":"Nucleotide analogues as inhibitors of SARS-CoV Polymerase","volume":"8","author":"J Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref211","first-page":"3204","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) targeting: an in silico perspective","volume":"39","author":"A A Elfiky","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomol Struct Dyn"},{"key":"ref212","first-page":"1552","article-title":"Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: New Chemical Developments and Encouraging in vitro Biological Results for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"31","author":"G C Clososki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Brazil Chem Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201129","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201129","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-triggered neutrophil extracellular traps mediate COVID-19 pathology","volume":"217","author":"F P Veras","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.12.3381-3386.2001","article-title":"Activation by 9-(R)-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine of chemokine (RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha) and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-10 [IL-10], IL-1beta) production","volume":"45","author":"Z Z\u00eddek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-7915(95)80093-X","article-title":"Effects of IL-12 on immune responses to microbial infections: a key mediator in regulating disease outcome","volume":"7","author":"C A Biron","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182185276","article-title":"Tenofovir selectively regulates production of inflammatory cytokines and shifts the IL-12\/IL-10 balance in human primary cells","volume":"57","author":"J Melchjorsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000529","article-title":"Reduced immune activation during tenofovir-emtricitabine therapy in HIV-negative individuals","volume":"68","author":"J R Castillo-Mancilla","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100993","article-title":"Effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine on nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load burden amongst outpatients with COVID-19: a pilot, randomized, open-label phase 2 trial","volume":"38","author":"J J Parienti","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00419-09","article-title":"Antiretroviral tissue kinetics: in vivo imaging using positron emission tomography","volume":"53","author":"M Di Mascio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2217\/hiv.10.5","article-title":"Measurement of antiretroviral drugs in the lungs of HIV-infected patients","volume":"4","author":"H L Twigg","year":"2010","journal-title":"HIV Ther"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.5.1898-1906.2005","article-title":"Selective intracellular activation of a novel prodrug of the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir leads to preferential distribution and accumulation in lymphatic tissue","volume":"49","author":"W A Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Z Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa455","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa455","article-title":"Preventive efficacy of tenofovir\/emtricitabine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among pre-exposure prophylaxis users","volume":"7","author":"O Ayerdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.06.023","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in the Spanish HIV Research Network Cohort","volume":"27","author":"J Berenguer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0258229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258229","article-title":"Association between chronic hepatitis B infection and COVID-19 outcomes: a Korean nationwide cohort study","volume":"16","author":"S H Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101242","article-title":"Effectiveness of rosuvastatin plus colchicine, emtricitabine\/tenofovir and combinations thereof in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a pragmatic, open-label randomized trial","volume":"43","author":"H G Gait\u00e1n-Duarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06426-8","article-title":"COVID-19 and its effects on endothelium in HIV-positive patients in sub-Saharan Africa: cardiometabolic risk, thrombosis and vascular function (ENDOCOVID STUDY)","volume":"21","author":"N Goswami","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002877","article-title":"Tenofovir-based PrEP for COVID-19: an untapped opportunity?","volume":"35","author":"C DeJong","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"27","author":"A Nalbandian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.467","article-title":"Long-coronavirus disease among people living with HIV in western India: an observational study","volume":"9","author":"S Pujari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030493","article-title":"Factors associated with severe COVID-19 and post-acute COVID-19 syndrome in a cohort of people living with HIV on antiretroviral treatment and with undetectable HIV RNA","volume":"14","author":"M Mazzitelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref234","first-page":"26","article-title":"Two-month follow-up of persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection-Zambia, September 2020: a cohort study","volume":"41","author":"J E Zulu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref235","first-page":"F7","article-title":"Post-acute sequelae and adaptive immune responses in people living with HIV recovering from SARS-COV-2 Infection","volume":"36","author":"M J Peluso","year":"2022"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e629","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30211-3","article-title":"Potential effects of disruption to HIV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa caused by COVID-19: results from multiple mathematical models","volume":"7","author":"B L Jewell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e308","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30105-3","article-title":"Maintaining HIV care during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"H Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref239","first-page":"1159","article-title":"The effect of COVID-19 on routine HIV care services from health facilities in Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"A Adugna","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13771","article-title":"Exploring the challenges of women taking antiretroviral treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in peri-urban Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"154","author":"M Nyashanu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02894-2","article-title":"Characterizing the impact of COVID-19 on men who have sex with men across the United States in April, 2020","volume":"24","author":"T H Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e735","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30226-5","article-title":"PrEP retention and prescriptions for pregnant women during COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa","volume":"7","author":"D LJ Davey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03423-5","article-title":"PrEP use and persistence among young sexual minority men 17-24 years old during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"26","author":"C Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25904","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25904","article-title":"Two years after lockdown: reviewing the effects of COVID-19 on health services and support for adolescents living with HIV in South Africa","volume":"25","author":"Q van Staden","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.294306","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the global supply chain of antiretroviral drugs: a rapid survey of Indian manufacturers","volume":"9","author":"B B Rewari","year":"2020","journal-title":"WHO South-East Asia J Public Health"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref246","first-page":"149","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and antiretrovirals (ARV) availability in Nigeria: recommendations to prevent shortages","volume":"35","author":"D A Dada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07714-y","article-title":"Reduction in initiations of HIV treatment in South Africa during the COVID pandemic","volume":"22","author":"M Benade","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e158","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30359-3","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on HIV care in 65 South African primary care clinics: an interrupted time series analysis","volume":"8","author":"J Dorward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-07330-2","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on ART Service delivery: perspectives of healthcare workers in a Teaching Hospital in Ghana","volume":"21","author":"S A Abraham","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-21-00168","article-title":"How home delivery of antiretroviral drugs ensured uninterrupted HIV treatment during COVID-19: experiences from Indonesia, Laos, Nepal, and Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"T Hoke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2021.0007","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people living with HIV in Victoria, Australia","volume":"37","author":"M Weerasuria","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0042-1758852.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T21:02:25Z","timestamp":1701723745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0042-1758852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"references-count":228,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1758852","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-3424","1098-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-3424","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]}}}