{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T03:57:28Z","timestamp":1784779048069,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Periodontitis is a complex chronic disease discernible by the deterioration of periodontal tissue. The goal of periodontal therapy is to achieve complete tissue regeneration, and one of the most promising treatment options is to harness the regenerative potential of stem cells available within the periodontal complex. Periodontal ligament stem cells, gingival mesenchymal stem cells, oral periosteal stem cells, and dental follicle stem cells have structural similarities, but their immunological responses and features differ. The qualities of diverse periodontal stem cells, their immune-modulatory effects, and variances in their phenotypes and characteristics will be discussed in this review. Although there is evidence on each stem cell population in the periodontium, understanding the differences in markers expressed, the various research conducted so far on their regenerative potential, will help in understanding which stem cell population will be a better candidate for tissue engineering. The possibility of selecting the most amenable stem cell population for optimal periodontal regeneration and the development and current application of superior tissue engineering treatment options such as autologous transplantation, three-dimensional bioengineered scaffolds, dental stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles will be explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T05:45:29Z","timestamp":1672638329000},"page":"001-013","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stem Cells in the Periodontium\u2014Anatomically Related Yet Physiologically Diverse"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7537-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepa","family":"Ponnaiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1517-8680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshan R.","family":"Rughwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhayanand John","family":"Victor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, SRM Dental College and Hospital, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental and Orthodontic Clinic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12002","article-title":"Inflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease","volume":"64","author":"A Cekici","year":"2014","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12399","article-title":"Success of non-surgical periodontal therapy in adult periodontitis patients: a retrospective analysis","volume":"17","author":"G AF Van der Weijden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","first-page":"297","article-title":"Recent advances in periodontal regeneration: a biomaterial perspective","volume":"5","author":"Y Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9836518","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9836518","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of stem cells in periodontitis: current status and future prospective","volume":"2020","author":"M Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-9264.2020.29","article-title":"Stem cells and periodontal regeneration: present and future","volume":"7","author":"F Citterio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast Aesthet Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03696","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.03696","article-title":"The neural crest is a source of mesenchymal stem cells with specialized hematopoietic stem cell niche function","volume":"3","author":"J Isern","year":"2014","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0140","article-title":"Characterization of stem cells from alveolar periodontal ligament","volume":"17","author":"L Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16627-0","article-title":"Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament","volume":"364","author":"B M Seo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15423.1","article-title":"Osteogenic potential of gingival stromal progenitor cells cultured in platelet rich fibrin is predicted by core-binding factor subunit-\u03b11\/Sox9 expression ratio ( in vitro)","volume":"7","author":"A P Nugraha","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6619170","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6619170","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of inflamed gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells in preclinical studies: a scoping review of a unique biomedical waste","volume":"2021","author":"G Al-Qadhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2004.12.004","article-title":"Isolation of precursor cells (PCs) from human dental follicle of wisdom teeth","volume":"24","author":"C Morsczeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2019.0012","article-title":"Dental follicle stem cells: tissue engineering and immunomodulation","volume":"28","author":"J Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.134571","article-title":"Periosteum as a barrier membrane in the treatment of intrabony defect: a new technique","volume":"18","author":"C S Saimbi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327405","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1327405","article-title":"Oral mesenchymal stem\/progenitor cells: the immunomodulatory masters","volume":"2020","author":"L L Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0015","article-title":"Gingiva as a source of stem cells with therapeutic potential","volume":"22","author":"B PJ Fournier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1916","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081916","article-title":"Stemness potency of human gingival cells-application in anticancer therapies and clinical trials","volume":"9","author":"K Stefa\u0144ska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2012.05.015","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells: new directions","volume":"10","author":"A Keating","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509340867","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues vs. those from other sources: their biology and role in regenerative medicine","volume":"88","author":"G TJ Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7154327","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7154327","article-title":"Gingival mesenchymal stem\/progenitor cells: a unique tissue engineering gem","volume":"2016","author":"K M Fawzy El-Sayed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812094","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.812094","article-title":"Periosteal skeletal stem cells and their response to bone injury","volume":"10","author":"N Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.04.022","article-title":"Identification and characterization of neural crest-derived cells in adult periodontal ligament of mice","volume":"57","author":"M Kaku","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2011.0252","article-title":"Three-dimensional spheroid culture of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhances mitigation of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis","volume":"21","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2016.10.003","article-title":"Human dental follicle cells express embryonic, mesenchymal and neural stem cells markers","volume":"73","author":"R L Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12229","article-title":"Differences in the developmental origins of the periosteum may influence bone healing","volume":"50","author":"Y Ichikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25104","article-title":"Osteogenic potential of human oral-periosteal cells (PCs) isolated from different oral origin: an in vitro study","volume":"231","author":"G Ceccarelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.01.031","article-title":"A role for c-Kit in the maintenance of undifferentiated human mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"35","author":"S Suphanantachat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0554-8","article-title":"Discovery of a periosteal stem cell mediating intramembranous bone formation","volume":"562","author":"S Debnath","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1694904","article-title":"Dimethyl sulfoxide leads to decreased osteogenic differentiation of stem cells derived from gingiva via Runx2 and collagen i expression","volume":"13","author":"H Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X656036","article-title":"Comparative study of human dental follicle cell sheets and periodontal ligament cell sheets for periodontal tissue regeneration","volume":"22","author":"S Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1748529","article-title":"Gingival mesenchymal stem cells metabolite decreasing TRAP, NFATc1, and sclerostin expression in LPS-associated inflammatory osteolysis in vivo","volume":"17","author":"A P Nugraha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.07.016","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli but not from Porphyromonas gingivalis induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and alkaline phosphatase in dental follicle cells","volume":"57","author":"C O Morsczeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-028704","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and their ligands control mesenchymal stem cell functions","volume":"109","author":"M Pevsner-Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12480-7","article-title":"Response of human periodontal ligament stem cells to IFN-\u03b3 and TLR-agonists","volume":"7","author":"O Andrukhov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12378","article-title":"Human periodontal ligament stem cells suppress T-cell proliferation via down-regulation of non-classical major histocompatibility complex-like glycoprotein CD1b on dendritic cells","volume":"52","author":"C Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.738","article-title":"Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stromal cells attenuate contact hypersensitivity via prostaglandin E2-dependent mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"W R Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1159\/000495873","article-title":"Dental follicle stem cells ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by secreting TGF-\u03b23 and TSP-1 to elicit macrophage M2 polarization","volume":"51","author":"X Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12058","article-title":"Dental follicle progenitor cells responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS","volume":"17","author":"K Chatzivasileiou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121753","article-title":"Analysis of the influence of jaw periosteal cells on macrophages phenotype using an innovative horizontal coculture system","volume":"9","author":"F He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v13.i6.605","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of periodontal ligament stem cells","volume":"13","author":"A Queiroz","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S44695","article-title":"Effects of hydroxyapatite nanostructure on channel surface of porcine acellular dermal matrix scaffold on cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells","volume":"8","author":"S Ge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.12.053","article-title":"Application of stem cells derived from the periodontal ligament or gingival tissue sources for tendon tissue regeneration","volume":"35","author":"A Moshaverinia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328214521846","article-title":"Periodontal ligament versus bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in combination with Bio-Oss scaffolds for ectopic and in situ bone formation: a comparative study in the rat","volume":"29","author":"B-H Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomater Appl"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35145","article-title":"Ex vivo bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene delivery using periodontal ligament stem cells for enhanced re-osseointegration in the regenerative treatment of peri-implantitis","volume":"103","author":"S-Y Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1953","article-title":"Combination of platelet-rich plasma within periodontal ligament stem cell sheets enhances cell differentiation and matrix production","volume":"11","author":"Q Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"693","article-title":"Periodontal regeneration using periodontal ligament stem cell-transferred amnion","volume":"20","author":"K Iwasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34546","article-title":"Encapsulated dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an injectable and biodegradable scaffold for applications in bone tissue engineering","volume":"101","author":"A Moshaverinia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1546-9","article-title":"Enhancement of periodontal tissue regeneration by conditioned media from gingiva-derived or periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a comparative study in rats","volume":"11","author":"J Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.12.046","article-title":"Exosomes from TNF-\u03b1-treated human gingiva-derived MSCs enhance M2 macrophage polarization and inhibit periodontal bone loss","volume":"122","author":"Y Nakao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12728","article-title":"Regenerative potential of cultured gingival fibroblasts in treatment of periodontal intrabony defects (randomized clinical and biochemical trial)","volume":"55","author":"M Abdal-Wahab","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"issue":"534","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaay6853","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay6853","article-title":"An engineered cell-laden adhesive hydrogel promotes craniofacial bone tissue regeneration in rats","volume":"12","author":"M M Hasani-Sadrabadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2020.0052","article-title":"Predifferentiated gingival stem cell-induced bone regeneration in rat alveolar bone defect model","volume":"27","author":"U Kandalam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0850-0","article-title":"Three-dimensional printed PLA scaffold and human gingival stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a new tool for bone defect repair","volume":"9","author":"F Diomede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24888-w","article-title":"3D bio-printed scaffold-free nerve constructs with human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote rat facial nerve regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.52.541","article-title":"Dental follicle stem cells and tissue engineering","volume":"52","author":"M J Honda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06044","article-title":"Functional tooth restoration by next-generation bio-hybrid implant as a bio-hybrid artificial organ replacement therapy","volume":"4","author":"M Oshima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2016.0330","article-title":"Heterogeneous human periodontal ligament-committed progenitor and stem cell populations exhibit a unique cementogenic property under in vitro and in vivo conditions","volume":"26","author":"R Shinagawa-Ohama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00724","article-title":"Clarifying the tooth-derived stem cells behavior in a 3D biomimetic scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications","volume":"8","author":"C L Salgado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.05.016","article-title":"Treated dentin matrix particles combined with dental follicle cell sheet stimulate periodontal regeneration","volume":"35","author":"H Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.15.21","article-title":"Comparison of human dental follicle cells and human periodontal ligament cells for dentin tissue regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Y Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regen Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.09.068","article-title":"Dental follicle cells and treated dentin matrix scaffold for tissue engineering the tooth root","volume":"33","author":"W Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3109\/03008200903267542","article-title":"Osteogenic differentiation capacity of porcine dental follicle progenitor cells","volume":"51","author":"S Tsuchiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Connect Tissue Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/term.156","article-title":"Characterization of human cultured periosteal sheets expressing bone-forming potential: in vitro and in vivo animal studies","volume":"3","author":"T Kawase","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.02.631","article-title":"A clinical study of alveolar bone tissue engineering with cultured autogenous periosteal cells: coordinated activation of bone formation and resorption","volume":"50","author":"M Nagata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600113","article-title":"Effective bone engineering with periosteum-derived cells","volume":"86","author":"H Agata","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2007.10.008","article-title":"Histological comparison of bone induced from autogenously grafted periosteum with bone induced from autogenously grafted bone marrow in the rat calvarial defect model","volume":"110","author":"T Ueno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.02.022","article-title":"Human maxillary tuberosity and jaw periosteum as sources of osteoprogenitor cells for tissue engineering","volume":"104","author":"A Cicconetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5405","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S36714","article-title":"Bone repair by periodontal ligament stem cellseeded nanohydroxyapatite-chitosan scaffold","volume":"7","author":"S Ge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2010.0523","article-title":"Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cell-mediated therapeutic approach for bone tissue regeneration","volume":"20","author":"F Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6698100","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6698100","article-title":"The gingiva from the tissue surrounding the bone to the tissue regenerating the bone: a systematic review of the osteogenic capacity of gingival mesenchymal stem cells in preclinical studies","volume":"2021","author":"G Al-Qadhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606125","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1606125","article-title":"Stemness characteristics of periodontal ligament stem cells from donors and multiple sclerosis patients: a comparative study","volume":"2017","author":"F Diomede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3057","article-title":"Transdifferentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells into pancreatic cell lineage","volume":"32","author":"J S Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0451-0","article-title":"Dental follicle mesenchymal stem cell administration ameliorates muscle weakness in MuSK-immunized mice","volume":"12","author":"C Ulusoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520962463","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles of GMSCs alleviate aging-related cell senescence","volume":"100","author":"H Z Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.29452","article-title":"Human gingival derived neuronal cells in the optimized caffeic acid hydrogel for hemitransection spinal cord injury model","volume":"121","author":"R Subbarayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36148","article-title":"Regulation of the fate of dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells using engineered alginate-GelMA hydrogels","volume":"105","author":"S Ansari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2019.101325","article-title":"Gingival mesenchymal stem cells as an alternative source to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in regeneration of bone defects: in vivo study","volume":"63","author":"G Al-Qadhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1620","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121620","article-title":"Spheroid culture system methods and applications for mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"8","author":"N-E Ryu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00422","article-title":"Self-assembly of an organized cementum-periodontal ligament-like complex using scaffold-free tissue engineering","volume":"10","author":"A Basu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.12.032","article-title":"Isolation of the multipotent MSC subpopulation from human gingival fibroblasts by culturing on chitosan membranes","volume":"33","author":"S H Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.40918","article-title":"PDLSCs regulate angiogenesis of periodontal ligaments via VEGF transferred by exosomes in periodontitis","volume":"17","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00512","article-title":"Engineered extracellular vesicles from human periodontal-ligament stem cells increase VEGF\/VEGFR2 expression during bone regeneration","volume":"10","author":"J Pizzicannella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8852307","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8852307","article-title":"Human periodontal ligament stem cell-derived exosomes promote bone regeneration by altering microRNA profiles","volume":"2020","author":"T Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02767-6","article-title":"Small extracellular vesicles from dental follicle stem cells provide biochemical cues for periodontal tissue regeneration","volume":"13","author":"L Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2018.07.002","article-title":"Periodontal regeneration with autologous periodontal ligament-derived cell sheets - a safety and efficacy study in ten patients","volume":"9","author":"T Iwata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regen Ther"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1089\/107632704323061898","article-title":"In situ tissue engineering of periodontal tissues by seeding with periodontal ligament-derived cells","volume":"10","author":"T Nakahara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tissue Eng"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.4.595","article-title":"Periodontal regenerative potential of autogenous periodontal ligament grafts in class II furcation defects","volume":"76","author":"A Akbay","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0288-1","article-title":"Treatment of periodontal intrabony defects using autologous periodontal ligament stem cells: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"F-M Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667221","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.667221","article-title":"Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells: potential application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine - a comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"D Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.137631","article-title":"Comparison of phenotype and differentiation marker gene expression profiles in human dental pulp and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"8","author":"D Ponnaiyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0042-1759487.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T13:54:32Z","timestamp":1730814872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0042-1759487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1759487","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1305-7456","1305-7464"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1305-7456","type":"print"},{"value":"1305-7464","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]}}}