{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T05:06:03Z","timestamp":1764047163347,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Indian J Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003Gluteus maximus, by virtue of its continued adjunct contraction with the anal sphincter, has many characteristics and histomorphological features mimicking type I musculature. Hence, anal sphincter replacement therapy with gluteus maximus has all avenues for lasting successful results. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of unstimulated gluteus maximus sphincteroplasty for anal incontinence reconstruction and neosphincter reconstruction in perineal colostomy cases.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003From March 2015 to March 2020, the records of patients who underwent gluteus maximus sphincteroplasty for fecal incontinence were analyzed in this retrospective cohort study. The mean age was 31.55 years. Eleven patients (females\u2009=\u20094, males\u2009=\u20097) underwent anal incontinence reconstruction. All these cases were followed up for an average period of 28.46 months.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Good continence was observed in all patients with an average Cleveland Clinic Florida Faecal Incontinence Score of 3.18 (p\u2009=\u20090.0035). At the end of the follow-up period, the average median resting pressure found via manometry was 44.64\u2009mm Hg, and the average median squeeze pressure was 103.55mm Hg. The mean of the average continence contraction time at the end of the follow-up period was found to be 3.64\u2009minutes. None of our patients had complete continence failure. None of our patients used perineal pads or made any lifestyle alterations at the end of the follow-up period. Most of the patients expressed satisfactory continence.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Despite being untrained with implantable electrodes, the gluteus maximus muscle produced very good continence results with our way of construct. In addition, with its good lumen occluding effect, it achieves good resting and squeeze anal pressure around the anal canal\/bowel with trivial reeducation. Hence, it has become our institution's procedure of choice for anal sphincter reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T23:59:51Z","timestamp":1672444791000},"page":"022-030","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unstimulated Gluteus Maximus Sphincteroplasty for Bowel Incontinence"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8888-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thalaivirithan Margabandu","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Faciomaxillary Surgery, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Snigdha","family":"Yanamadala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Faciomaxillary Surgery, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaganmohan","family":"Janardhanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Faciomaxillary Surgery, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1395","volume-title":"Anus","author":"A Merchea","year":"2016","edition":"20th ed."},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234835","article-title":"Treatment options for fecal incontinence","volume":"44","author":"W E Whitehead","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70176-9","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of dynamic muscle plasty for anal incontinence: lessons from a prospective, multicenter trial","volume":"116","author":"R D Madoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice","author":"S Standring","year":"2008","edition":"40th edition"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199407000-00001","article-title":"The neurovascular territories of the skin and muscles: anatomic study and clinical implications","volume":"94","author":"G I Taylor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050307","article-title":"Etiology and management of fecal incontinence","volume":"36","author":"J M Jorge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref7","first-page":"529","article-title":"Plastic operations for restoration of sphincter ani, with report of a case","volume":"61","author":"C H Chetwood","year":"1902","journal-title":"Med Rec"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195206000-00010","article-title":"Construction of a rectal sphincter and restoration of anal continence by transplanting the gracilis muscle; a report of four cases in children","volume":"135","author":"K L Pickrell","year":"1952","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(85)80285-2","article-title":"Anal sphincter substitute using autologous smooth muscle in a fold-over, half-cylinder, double plasty (SMFD-plasty): a new method of treatment of anorectal incontinence","volume":"20","author":"S Hofmann-von Kap-herr","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198101000-00017","article-title":"Creation of an anal sphincter mechanism by bilateral proximally based gluteal muscle transposition","volume":"67","author":"H A Bruining","year":"1981","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199608000-00013","article-title":"Anal sphincter reconstruction with the gluteus maximus muscle: anatomic and physiologic considerations concerning conventional and dynamic gluteoplasty","volume":"98","author":"P J Guelinckx","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02562646","article-title":"An implanted neuromuscular stimulator for fecal continence following previously implanted gracilis muscle. Report of a case","volume":"31","author":"C Baeten","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92030-6","article-title":"Dynamic graciloplasty for treatment of faecal incontinence","volume":"338","author":"C G Baeten","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800721314","article-title":"Gracilis muscle transposition for anal incontinence: late results","volume":"72","author":"M L Corman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(80)90004-1","article-title":"Reconstruction of the anal sphincter by gracilis muscle transfer: the value of electromyography in the preoperative assessment and postoperative management of the patient","volume":"33","author":"N Ben-Hur","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553893","article-title":"Gracilis muscle transposition in the treatment of fecal incontinence. Long-term follow-up and evaluation of anal pressure recordings","volume":"28","author":"P Leguit Jr","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)91285-0","article-title":"Functional anal sphincter reconstruction with the gracilis muscle after abdominoperineal resection","volume":"2","author":"J T Wee","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198207000-00017","article-title":"Construction of a rectal sphincter using the origin of the gluteus maximus muscle","volume":"70","author":"V R Hentz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(82)80320-5","article-title":"Gluteal myoplasty for sphincter replacement: principles, results and prospects","volume":"17","author":"A Prochiantz","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02048111","article-title":"Total fecal incontinence\u2013a new method of gluteus maximus transposition: preliminary results and report of previous experience with similar procedures","volume":"35","author":"J M Devesa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198501000-00013","article-title":"A double-split gluteus maximus muscle flap for reconstruction of the rectal sphincter","volume":"75","author":"M G Orgel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000186513.75052.29","article-title":"Restoration of fecal continence after functional gluteoplasty: long-term results, technical refinements, and donor-site morbidity","volume":"56","author":"C S Hultman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198167020-00007","article-title":"Classification of the vascular anatomy of muscles: experimental and clinical correlation","volume":"67","author":"S J Mathes","year":"1981","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001232","article-title":"Composite antropyloric valve and gluteus maximus muscle wrap for neoanal reconstruction: initial results","volume":"62","author":"A Chandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"}],"container-title":["Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0042-1759499.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T23:49:52Z","timestamp":1680047392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0042-1759499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1759499","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-0358","1998-376X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0970-0358"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1998-376X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]}}}