{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:08:01Z","timestamp":1793041681246,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":248,"publisher":"Federa\u00e7\u00e3o das Associa\u00e7\u00f5es de Ginecologia e Obstetr\u00edcia","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Objective\u2003Surrogacy is the process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby to other person or couple, known as intended parents. When carriers are paid for surrogacy, this is known as commercial surrogacy. The objective of the present work is to review the legal, ethical, social, and cultural aspects of commercial surrogacy, as well as the current panorama worldwide.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods\u2003This is a review of the literature published in the 21st century on commercial surrogacy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results\u2003A total of 248 articles were included as the core of the present review. The demand for surrogate treatments by women without uterus or with important uterine disorders, single men and same-sex male couples is constantly increasing worldwide. This reproductive treatment has important ethical dilemmas. In addition, legislation defers widely worldwide and is in constant change. Therefore, patients look more and more for treatments abroad, which can lead to important legal problems between countries with different laws. Commercial surrogacy is practiced in several countries, in most of which there is no specific legislation. Some countries have taken restrictive measures against this technique because of reports of exploitation of carriers.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion\u2003Commercial surrogacy is a common practice, despite important ethical and legal dilemmas. As a consequence of diverse national legislations, patients frequently resort to international commercial surrogacy programs. As of today, there is no standard international legal context, and this practice remains largely unregulated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T23:45:53Z","timestamp":1672357553000},"page":"1141-1158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.61622","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1470-184X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8271-5218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"IVI Foundation, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"47794","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.37.1.19","article-title":"Surrogacy: Pathway to Parenthood","volume":"37","author":"R A Joseph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","first-page":"464","article-title":"Surrogate motherhood: the contradicitons in terminology","volume":"83","author":"H Hobzov\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceska Gynekol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.03.016","article-title":"Gestational surrogacy: medical, psychosocial, and legal considerations","volume":"113","author":"S C Klock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.08.029","article-title":"Consideration of the gestational carrier: an Ethics Committee opinion","volume":"110","author":"Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 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