{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:23:19Z","timestamp":1783570999985,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"S 01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Objective\u2003Small for gestational age (SGA) infants are at increased risk for neonatal morbidity and developmental problems in childhood. No current interventions during human pregnancy address this problem. This study investigated the possible relationship between maternal choline concentration during pregnancy and SGA infants.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Study Design\u2003Maternal plasma choline concentrations were sampled at 16 and 28 weeks' gestation from women in a public prenatal clinic. Additional factors assessed were maternal age, body mass index, infection, C-reactive protein, hair cortisol, and compliance with prenatal vitamins and folate. Infants below the 10th percentile for gestational age were classified as SGA. Binary logistic regression was used to identify significant associated factors in pregnancies resulting in SGA infants compared with pregnancies resulting in non-SGA infants.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003Thirteen (8%) of 159 women had SGA infants. Maternal plasma choline concentrations were low for pregnant participants whose infants were SGA, with the 28-week concentration significantly lower compared with other participants. Plasma choline concentrations \u22657 \u03bcM at 28 weeks, consistent with a minimally adequate dietary intake of choline-containing foods, were achieved by only 2 (15%) of mothers with SGA infants, compared with 51% of mothers whose infants were not SGA. Choline concentrations &lt;7 \u03bcM at 28 weeks' gestation were associated with an odds ratio for SGA of 16.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.5\u2013189.2, p\u2009=\u20090.023). Other significant factors were female sex and maternal C-reactive protein plasma concentration during gestation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusion\u2003This observational study suggests that higher maternal choline levels may influence the risk for SGA. Maternal plasma choline concentrations are not routinely available in clinical laboratories. However, plasma choline levels can be increased by the mothers' intake of choline or phosphatidylcholine supplements. No nutritional intervention is currently recommended to prevent SGA, but the evidence from this study suggests that further consideration of the role of maternal choline may be warranted.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Key Points\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T23:48:06Z","timestamp":1672444086000},"page":"e939-e948","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Maternal Plasma Choline during Gestation and Small for Gestational Age Infants"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"D'Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Christians","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, iC42 Clinical Research and Development, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105533","article-title":"The impact of birthweight on the development of cerebral palsy: a population-based matched case-control study","volume":"165","author":"K Esih","year":"2022","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1767572","article-title":"Small-for-gestational age placentas associate with an increased risk of adverse outcomes in pregnancies complicated by either type I or type II pre-gestational diabetes 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