{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:54:28Z","timestamp":1771458868155,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In cystic fibrosis, a new era has started with the approval and use of highly effective cystic fibrosis transport regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy. As pulmonary function is increasing and exacerbation rate significantly decreases, the current meaning of fungal pulmonary diseases is questioned. During the past couple of decades, several studies have been conducted regarding fungal colonization and infection of the airways in people with cystic fibrosis. Although Aspergillus fumigatus for filamentous fungi and Candida albicans for yeasts remain by far the most common fungal species in patients with cystic fibrosis, the pattern of fungal species associated with cystic fibrosis has considerably diversified recently. Fungi such as Scedosporium apiospermum or Exophiala dermatitidis are recognized as pathogenic in cystic fibrosis and therefore need attention in clinical settings. In this article, current definitions are stated. Important diagnostic steps are described, and their usefulness discussed. Furthermore, clinical treatment strategies and recommendations are named and evaluated. In cystic fibrosis, fungal entities can be divided into different subgroups. Besides colonization, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, bronchitis, sensitization, pneumonia, and aspergilloma can occur as a fungal disease entity. For allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and aspergilloma, clear indications for therapy exist but this is not the case for sensitization or colonization. Different pulmonary fungal disease entities in people with cystic fibrosis will continue to occur also in an era of highly effective CFTR modulator therapy. Whether the percentage will decrease or not will be the task of future evaluations in studies and registry analysis. Using the established definition for different categories of fungal diseases is recommended and should be taken into account if patients are deteriorating without responding to antibiotic treatment. Drug\u2013drug interactions, in particular when using azoles, should be recognized and therapies need to be adjusted accordingly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:09:36Z","timestamp":1675728576000},"page":"252-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical Relevance of Fungi in Cystic Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Carsten","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Research, Health and Medical University-Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Cystic Fibrosis, Cystic Fibrosis Center West Brandenburg, Postdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"346","article-title":"Phase 3 efficacy and safety of the ELX\/TEZ\/IVA triple combination in people with CF and F508del\/minimal function genotypes","volume":"54","author":"R Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908639","article-title":"Elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor for cystic fibrosis with a single Phe508del allele","volume":"381","author":"P G Middleton","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","first-page":"192","article-title":"Elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor: the first triple-combination cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulating therapy","volume":"25","author":"K Ridley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802609604","article-title":"Occurrence and relevance of filamentous fungi in respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis \u2013 a review","volume":"47","author":"M Pihet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18999","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75886-w","article-title":"Risk factors for respiratory Aspergillus fumigatus in German cystic fibrosis patients and impact on lung function","volume":"10","author":"U D\u00fcesberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0205-x","article-title":"Organization of patient management and fungal epidemiology in cystic fibrosis","volume":"183","author":"C Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0184-y","article-title":"Fungal pathogens in CF airways: Leave or treat?","volume":"183","author":"A Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0241-6","article-title":"Fungal respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis (CF): recent progress and future research agenda","volume":"183","author":"J-P Bouchara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx106","article-title":"Developing collaborative works for faster progress on fungal respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis","volume":"56","author":"C Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2014.03.001","article-title":"Fungi in the cystic fibrosis lung: bystanders or pathogens?","volume":"52","author":"S H Chotirmall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx113","article-title":"Scedosporium and lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists","volume":"56","author":"A Ramirez-Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01668-08","article-title":"Development of an oligonucleotide array for direct detection of fungi in sputum samples from patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"47","author":"J-P Bouchara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e328365ab74","article-title":"Fungal infections and treatment in cystic fibrosis","volume":"19","author":"P G Middleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60260-4","article-title":"Arxula adeninivorans causing invasive pulmonary mycosis and fungaemia in cystic fibrosis","volume":"385","author":"J F Roehmel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2011.04.007","article-title":"Dishwashers \u2013 a man-made ecological niche accommodating human opportunistic fungal pathogens","volume":"115","author":"P Zalar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fungal Biol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02113255","article-title":"Exophiala dermatitidis pneumonia in cystic fibrosis","volume":"151","author":"G Kusenbach","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91721-L","article-title":"Exophiala dermatitidis infection in cystic fibrosis","volume":"336","author":"G Haase","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00460-09","article-title":"Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans, a novel respiratory pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"47","author":"P W Hickey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01928-12","article-title":"Disseminated Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Scedosporium apiospermum coinfection after lung and liver transplantation in a cystic fibrosis patient","volume":"50","author":"S Hirschi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21240","article-title":"Risk factors for Aspergillus colonization and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in children with cystic fibrosis","volume":"45","author":"V Jubin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602836","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.602836","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of Aspergillus fumigatus-specific IgG in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"P Eschenhagen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.3.639","article-title":"Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis: reported prevalence, regional distribution, and patient characteristics. Scientific Advisory Group, Investigators, and Coordinators of the Epidemiologic Study of Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"116","author":"D E Geller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.04.007","article-title":"Novel immunologic classification of aspergillosis in adult cystic fibrosis","volume":"132","author":"C G Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0190-0","article-title":"Aspergillus bronchitis in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"183","author":"C Brandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2021.07.008","article-title":"Clinician variability in the diagnosis and treatment of Aspergillus fumigatus-related conditions in cystic fibrosis: an international survey","volume":"21","author":"G Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.1.222","article-title":"Aspergillus bronchitis in cystic fibrosis","volume":"130","author":"D Shoseyov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0199-4","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary fungal infections in cystic fibrosis","volume":"183","author":"C Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.04.022","article-title":"Aspergillus infections in cystic fibrosis","volume":"72","author":"J King","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.7.809","article-title":"Treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in cystic fibrosis by percutaneous instillation of amphotericin B via indwelling catheter","volume":"50","author":"P J Ryan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.7.805","article-title":"Three cases of pulmonary aspergilloma in adult patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"50","author":"C P Maguire","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.161.3.8352126","article-title":"Aspergilloma complicating cystic fibrosis","volume":"161","author":"M Logan","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"S34","article-title":"Fungal infection and ABPA in CF","volume":"14","author":"M Cohen-Cymberknoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0182-0","article-title":"Progress in definition, prevention and treatment of fungal infections in cystic fibrosis","volume":"183","author":"C Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0229-2","article-title":"Fungus-specific CD4 T cells as specific sensors for identification of pulmonary fungal infections","volume":"183","author":"A Scheffold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201407-1235LE","article-title":"Fungus-specific CD4(+) T cells for rapid identification of invasive pulmonary mold infection","volume":"191","author":"P Bacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12141","article-title":"Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: review of literature and proposal of new diagnostic and classification criteria","volume":"43","author":"R Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.016003464.x","article-title":"Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis. A European epidemiological study","volume":"16","author":"G Mastella","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S225","DOI":"10.1086\/376525","article-title":"Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis \u2013 state of the art: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Consensus Conference","volume":"37","author":"D A Stevens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.7.2109008","article-title":"Intracutaneous tests with recombinant allergens in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and Aspergillus allergy","volume":"165","author":"W H Nikolaizik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00200-10","article-title":"Recombinant allergens combined with biological markers in the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"17","author":"H Fricker-Hidalgo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.12.064","article-title":"Biomarkers for the diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"B CM Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2018.08.012","article-title":"Combined antifungal therapy is superior to monotherapy in pulmonary scedosporiosis in cystic fibrosis","volume":"18","author":"C Schwarz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00574-w","article-title":"Emerging fungal threats in cystic fibrosis","volume":"186","author":"C Schwarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-012-9392-x","article-title":"Reversed halo sign on computed tomography: state-of-the-art review","volume":"190","author":"E Marchiori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-018-1621-z","article-title":"CT findings of fungal pneumonia with emphasis on aspergillosis","volume":"25","author":"A Hussien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22317","article-title":"Flow-cytometric analysis of rare antigen-specific T cells","volume":"83","author":"P Bacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3967","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202221","article-title":"Antigen-reactive T cell enrichment for direct, high-resolution analysis of the human naive and memory Th cell repertoire","volume":"190","author":"P Bacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1737","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1281","article-title":"Performance of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid Aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay with cube reader for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"73","author":"J D Jenks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13352","article-title":"Serum lateral flow assay with digital reader for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a two-centre mixed cohort study","volume":"64","author":"M Hoenigl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0021522","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00215-22","article-title":"Performance of the Euroimmun Aspergillus antigen ELISA for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"60","author":"M Egger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-016-0268-z","article-title":"Pathogenesis of fungal infections in cystic fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"C Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Fungal Infect Rep"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206291","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"70","author":"C Kosmidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.601821","article-title":"Frequent pet contact as risk factor for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"C Grehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20333","article-title":"Pulse intravenous methylprednisolone for resistant allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis","volume":"41","author":"J M Thomson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref56","first-page":"88","article-title":"[National consensus regarding the prescription of inhaled corticosteroids in cystic fibrosis]","volume":"21","author":"M Fayon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref57","first-page":"CD002204","article-title":"Antifungal therapies for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in people with cystic fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"H E Elphick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02778.x","article-title":"A d-optimal designed population pharmacokinetic study of oral itraconazole in adult cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"63","author":"S Hennig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1086\/598327","article-title":"Clinical relevance of the pharmacokinetic interactions of azole antifungal drugs with other coadministered agents","volume":"48","author":"R J Br\u00fcggemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22937","article-title":"Omalizumab therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in children with cystic fibrosis: a synthesis of published evidence","volume":"49","author":"K Tanou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref61","first-page":"CD010288","article-title":"Anti-IgE therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in people with cystic fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"K R Jat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref62","first-page":"CD010288","article-title":"Anti-IgE therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in people with cystic fibrosis","volume":"3","author":"K R Jat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12809","article-title":"Mepolizumab-a novel option for the treatment of hypereosinophilic syndrome in childhood","volume":"29","author":"C Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14235","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab and omalizumab) for severe allergic asthma: a systematic review for the EAACI Guidelines - recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma","volume":"75","author":"I Agache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14221","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI Guidelines - recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma","volume":"75","author":"I Agache","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.041","article-title":"Human anti-fungal Th17 immunity and pathology rely on cross-reactivity against Candida albicans","volume":"176","author":"P Bacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-020-00124-7","article-title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of CFTR modulation in people with cystic fibrosis transitioning from mono or dual regimens to triple-combination elexacaftor\/tezacaftor\/ivacaftor","volume":"6","author":"A Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pulm Ther"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13082","article-title":"Treatment of invasive fungal diseases in cancer patients - revised 2019 Recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO)","volume":"63","author":"M Ruhnke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2016.06.006","article-title":"Triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis in Italy","volume":"16","author":"A Prigitano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01850","article-title":"Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus among Danish cystic fibrosis patients: increasing prevalence and dominance of TR34\/L98H","volume":"11","author":"M Risum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2017.01.005","article-title":"Fatal disseminated Rasamsonia infection in cystic fibrosis post-lung transplantation","volume":"16","author":"G Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0162-4","article-title":"Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus in patients with cystic fibrosis: a matter of concern?","volume":"183","author":"A Hamprecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24789","article-title":"Combination antifungal therapy for Scedosporium species in cystic fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"S Bentley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01160-07","article-title":"In vitro activities of 35 double combinations of antifungal agents against Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans","volume":"52","author":"M Cuenca-Estrella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03309-13","article-title":"Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans infection in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"52","author":"A V Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-13-61","article-title":"The basidiomycetous yeast Trichosporon may cause severe lung exacerbation in cystic fibrosis patients - clinical analysis of Trichosporon positive patients in a Munich cohort","volume":"13","author":"C Kr\u00f6ner","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2013.800240","article-title":"Genotype analysis based on intergenic spacer 1 sequences of Trichosporon asahii collected in Taiwan","volume":"51","author":"Y L Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.00068901","article-title":"Factors associated with poor pulmonary function: cross-sectional analysis of data from the ERCF","volume":"18","author":"J Navarro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23315","article-title":"Candida albicans in cystic fibrosis: \u201copening statements presented, let the trial begin\u201d","volume":"51","author":"S H Chotirmall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2016.01.004","article-title":"Microbial colonization and lung function in adolescents with cystic fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"A Hector","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150460","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0460","article-title":"Clinical implications of globally emerging azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"371","author":"J F Meis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30316-X","article-title":"The global problem of antifungal resistance: prevalence, mechanisms, and management","volume":"17","author":"D S Perlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-017-0189-6","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of azole antifungals in cystic fibrosis","volume":"183","author":"R M Rivosecchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-022-00509-y","article-title":"An update on CFTR modulators as new therapies for cystic fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"J A King","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01611-0","article-title":"The antifungal pipeline: fosmanogepix, ibrexafungerp, olorofim, opelconazole, and rezafungin","volume":"81","author":"M Hoenigl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0042-1759882.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T01:25:20Z","timestamp":1678411520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0042-1759882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1759882","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-3424","1098-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-3424","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]}}}