{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:38:10Z","timestamp":1790887090243,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objective\u2003The aim of this study was to employ artificial intelligence (AI) via convolutional neural network (CNN) for the separation of oral lichen planus (OLP) and non-OLP in biopsy-proven clinical cases of OLP and non-OLP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Materials and Methods\u2003Data comprised of clinical photographs of 609 OLP and 480 non-OLP which diagnosis has been confirmed histopathologically. Fifty-five photographs from the OLP and non-OLP groups were randomly selected for use as the test dataset, while the remaining were used as training and validation datasets. Data augmentation was performed on the training dataset to increase the number and variation of photographs. Performance metrics for the CNN model performance included accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping was also used to visualize the important regions associated with discriminative clinical features on which the model relies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results\u2003All the selected CNN models were able to diagnose OLP and non-OLP lesions using photographs. The performance of the Xception model was significantly higher than that of the other models in terms of overall accuracy and F1-score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions\u2003Our demonstration shows that CNN models can achieve an accuracy of 82 to 88%. Xception model performed the best in terms of both accuracy and F1-score.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1760300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T19:18:56Z","timestamp":1674242336000},"page":"1275-1282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Artificial Intelligence-Based Diagnosis of Oral Lichen Planus Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2753-7580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paniti","family":"Achararit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8961-7901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chawan","family":"Manaspon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chavin","family":"Jongwannasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5940-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekarat","family":"Phattarataratip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1649-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanaphum","family":"Osathanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1467-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kraisorn","family":"Sappayatosok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine, Rangsit University, PathumThani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"09","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2003.00125.x","article-title":"Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications","volume":"32","author":"E H van der Meij","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001168","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001168.pub3","article-title":"Interventions for treating oral 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