{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:33:49Z","timestamp":1787891629410,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of flaxseed oil omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 60 women with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria aged 18\u201340 years old. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive either 1,000\u2009mg flaxseed oil omega-3 fatty acids (n=30) or placebo (n=30) twice a day for 12 weeks. Metabolic, endocrine, inflammatory factors were quantified at baseline and after the 12-week intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results After the 12-week intervention, compared to the placebo, flaxseed oil omega-3 supplementation significantly decreased insulin values (\u22122.6\u00b17.7 vs.+1.3\u00b13.9\u2009\u00b5IU\/mL, P=0.01), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (\u22120.7\u00b11.7 vs.+0.3\u00b10.9, P=0.01), mF-G scores (\u22121.2\u00b11.7 vs. -0.1\u00b10.4, P=0.001), and increased quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0.01\u00b10.02 vs. \u22120.01\u00b10.02, P=0.01). In addition, supplementation with flaxseed oil omega-3 resulted in significant decreases in serum triglycerides (\u22125.1\u00b120.9 vs.+9.7\u00b126.1\u2009mg\/dL, P=0.01), VLDL-cholesterol (\u22121.0\u00b14.2 vs.+1.9\u00b15.2\u2009mg\/dL, P=0.01) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (\u22121.6\u00b13.1 vs.+0.2\u00b11.5\u2009mg\/L, P=0.004) compared to the placebo. We did not see any significant effect of flaxseed oil omega-3 supplementation on hormonal and other lipid profiles, and plasma nitric oxide levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions Overall, flaxseed oil omega-3 supplementation for 12 weeks in women with PCOS had beneficial effects on insulin metabolism, mF-G scores, serum triglycerides, VLDL-cholesterol and hs-CRP levels, but did not affect hormonal and other lipid profiles, and plasma nitric oxide levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-119751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]],"date-time":"2017-11-08T18:39:42Z","timestamp":1510166382000},"page":"222-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Effects of Flaxseed Oil Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Metabolic Status of Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Golara","family":"Mirmasoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Isfahan, I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Fazilati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Isfahan, I.R. Iran"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Pyamenoor University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Foroozanfard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Vahedpoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Mahmoodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Taghizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazanin Kazemi","family":"Esfeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Mohseni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Karbassizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barij Medicinal Plants Research Center, Kashan, I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zatollah","family":"Asemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2014.09.003","article-title":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"99","author":"S Trikudanathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-14-86","article-title":"Exploring the potential association between brominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates, and bisphenol A in polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study","volume":"14","author":"S J Vagi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"313","article-title":"Relationship between serum leptin, ghrelin and dietary macronutrients in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"9","author":"B Pourghassem Gargari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000341683","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in PCOS","volume":"40","author":"D Macut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gat051","article-title":"Differential expression of inflammation-related genes in the ovarian stroma and granulosa cells of PCOS women","volume":"20","author":"J Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"591","article-title":"Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome and its associated complications in Iranian women: A meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"A Jalilian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Reprod Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2012.10720443","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids improve glucose metabolism without effects on obesity values and serum visfatin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"31","author":"M Rafraf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e3181af04e5","article-title":"Flaxseed and cardiovascular health","volume":"54","author":"K Prasad","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-122782","article-title":"The effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on gene expression involved in the insulin and lipid signaling pathway in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"49","author":"K Nasri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.1.62","article-title":"Nutritional attributes of traditional flaxseed in healthy young adults","volume":"61","author":"S C Cunnane","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2012.751365","article-title":"Efficacy of omega-3 in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"33","author":"G Oner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des262","article-title":"Is there a dose-response relationship of metformin treatment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome? 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Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0043-119751.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T23:33:45Z","timestamp":1765755225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-119751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-119751","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0947-7349","1439-3646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0947-7349","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]}}}