{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T10:49:10Z","timestamp":1793962150397,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Colon Rectal Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the process of transplanting stool from a healthy donor into the gut of a patient for therapeutic purposes. Current guidelines recommend FMT for the prevention of multiply recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) after two recurrences, with cure rates approaching 90%. Emerging evidence also supports the use of FMT in the management of severe and fulminant CDI, resulting in decreased mortality and colectomy rates compared with standard of care approach. FMT shows promise as salvage therapy for critically-ill, refractory CDI patients who are poor surgical candidates. FMT should be considered early in the clinical course of severe CDI, preferably within 48\u2009hours of failing to respond to antibiotic therapy and volume resuscitation. Besides CDI, ulcerative colitis was more recently identified as a potential treatment target for FMT. Several live biotherapeutics for microbiome restoration are on the horizon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1760865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T18:40:30Z","timestamp":1674672030000},"page":"151-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Fecal Microbiota Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Yao-Wen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara Medical Center, Santa Clara, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.251","article-title":"Should we standardize the 1,700-year-old fecal microbiota transplantation?","volume":"107","author":"F Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref2","first-page":"854","article-title":"Fecal enema as an adjunct in the treatment of pseudomembranous enterocolitis","volume":"44","author":"B Eiseman","year":"1958","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.06.008","article-title":"Reclassification of Clostridium difficile as Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Pr\u00e9vot 1938","volume":"40","author":"P A Lawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.98","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms of faecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"13","author":"A Khoruts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0199810","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199810","article-title":"Enhanced preservation of the human intestinal microbiota by ridinilazole, a novel Clostridium difficile-targeting antibacterial, compared to vancomycin","volume":"13","author":"C M Thorpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16020","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.20","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"2","author":"W K Smits","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510480037031","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease","volume":"271","author":"L V McFarland","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1086\/525047","article-title":"Decreased diversity of the fecal Microbiome in recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea","volume":"197","author":"J Y Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.10.2610-2614.1988","article-title":"Role of competition for nutrients in suppression of Clostridium difficile by the colonic microflora","volume":"56","author":"K H Wilson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0147210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147210","article-title":"Changes in colonic bile acid composition following fecal microbiota transplantation are sufficient to control Clostridium difficile germination and growth","volume":"11","author":"A R Weingarden","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001278","article-title":"ACG clinical guidelines: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections","volume":"116","author":"C R Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab718","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): 2021 focused update guidelines on management of Clostridioides difficile infection in adults","volume":"73","author":"S Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"S 02","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.09.038","article-title":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: 2021 update on the treatment guidance document for Clostridioides difficile infection in adults","volume":"27","author":"J van Prehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"S 04","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.59","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Z Kassam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir632","article-title":"Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"53","author":"E Gough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13144","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy vs. vancomycin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"41","author":"G Cammarota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.03.010","article-title":"Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes","volume":"58","author":"S Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70374-7","article-title":"Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: a double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"O A Cornely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.8868","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes following emergency surgery for Clostridium difficile colitis","volume":"99","author":"A Bhangu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000289","article-title":"Practice parameters for the management of Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"58","author":"S R Steele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000920","article-title":"A surgical clostridium-associated risk of death score predicts mortality after colectomy for Clostridium difficile","volume":"60","author":"A S Kulaylat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.2141","article-title":"Trends in diverting loop ileostomy vs total abdominal colectomy as surgical management for Clostridium difficile colitis","volume":"154","author":"Y Y Juo","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001764","article-title":"Meta-analysis of postoperative mortality and morbidity after total abdominal colectomy versus loop ileostomy with colonic lavage for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis","volume":"63","author":"D M Felsenreich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e335","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481708300825","article-title":"Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection after diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: an unreported complication of the novel surgical therapy","volume":"83","author":"A Z Fashandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31822ade48","article-title":"Diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: an alternative to total abdominal colectomy for the treatment of severe, complicated Clostridium difficile associated disease","volume":"254","author":"M D Neal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3296-y","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota transplantation, a simple and effective treatment for severe and refractory Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"60","author":"H Zainah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000410","article-title":"The long-term efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent, severe, and complicated Clostridium difficile infection in 146 elderly individuals","volume":"50","author":"M Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31829004ae","article-title":"Resolution of severe Clostridium difficile infection following sequential fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"47","author":"A R Weingarden","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13290","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation plus selected use of vancomycin for severe-complicated Clostridium difficile infection: description of a protocol with high success rate","volume":"42","author":"M Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1273998","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant in severe and severe-complicated Clostridium difficile: a promising treatment approach","volume":"8","author":"M Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14816","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy plus vancomycin for the treatment of severe refractory Clostridium difficile infection-single versus multiple infusions","volume":"48","author":"G Ianiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.11.001","article-title":"Early colectomy may be associated with improved survival in fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: an 8-year experience","volume":"197","author":"C W Seder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.7326\/L15-5139","article-title":"Decrease in surgery for Clostridium difficile infection after starting a program to transplant fecal microbiota","volume":"163","author":"G Cammarota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.12.029","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant decreases mortality in patients with refractory severe or fulminant Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"18","author":"Y W Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix762","article-title":"Early fecal microbiota transplantation improves survival in severe Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"66","author":"M Hocquart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15526","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplant decreases mortality in severe and fulminant Clostridioides difficile infection in critically ill patients","volume":"50","author":"E N Tixier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-3635","article-title":"Incidence of bloodstream infections, length of hospital stay, and survival in patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection treated with fecal microbiota transplantation or antibiotics: a prospective cohort study","volume":"171","author":"G Ianiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.05.036","article-title":"The 5D framework: a clinical primer for fecal microbiota transplantation to treat Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"87","author":"J R Allegretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.05.066","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation beyond Clostridioides difficile infections","volume":"44","author":"K Wortelboer","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31266-8","article-title":"The evolution of the use of faecal microbiota transplantation and emerging therapeutic indications","volume":"394","author":"J R Allegretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.03.045","article-title":"Findings from a randomized controlled trial of fecal transplantation for patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"149","author":"N G Rossen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.04.001","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"149","author":"P Moayyedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30182-4","article-title":"Multidonor intensive faecal microbiota transplantation for active ulcerative colitis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"389","author":"S Paramsothy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.20046","article-title":"Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on 8-week remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"321","author":"S P Costello","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00400-3","article-title":"Lyophilised Oral Faecal Microbiota Transplantation for Ulcerative Colitis (LOTUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"C Haifer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref48","first-page":"CD012774","article-title":"Fecal transplantation for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"A Imdad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510023648","article-title":"Effectiveness of antibiotic combination therapy in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a randomized, controlled pilot trial with long-term follow-up","volume":"40","author":"T Ohkusa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2810","article-title":"Methods and reporting studies assessing fecal microbiota transplantation: a systematic review","volume":"167","author":"A Bafeta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1752192","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"18","author":"E Voth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ938","article-title":"Safety and durability of RBX2660 (microbiota suspension) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: results of the PUNCH CD study","volume":"62","author":"R Orenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07256-y","article-title":"Durable reduction of Clostridioides difficile infection recurrence and microbiome restoration after treatment with RBX2660: results from an open-label phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"R Orenstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2106516","article-title":"SER-109, an oral microbiome therapy for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"386","author":"P Feuerstadt","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0043-1760865.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T19:31:09Z","timestamp":1677094269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-1760865"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1760865","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-0043","1530-9681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-0043","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]}}}