{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:34:25Z","timestamp":1780547665716,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diabetic foot and ankle complications contribute to substantial mortality and morbidity. Early detection and treatment can lead to better patient outcomes. The primary diagnostic challenge for radiologists is distinguishing Charcot's neuroarthropathy from osteomyelitis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred imaging modality for assessing diabetic bone marrow alterations and for identifying diabetic foot complications. Several recent technical advances in MRI, such as the Dixon technique, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, have led to improved image quality and increased capability to add more functional and quantitative information.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We discuss the bone marrow abnormalities encountered in daily radiologic assessment: osteopenia, reactive bone marrow edema-like signal, insufficiency fractures, Charcot's neuroarthropathy, osteomyelitis, serous marrow atrophy, digital ischemia, and bone infarcts, along with their pathophysiology and the conventional and advanced imaging techniques used for a comprehensive marrow evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1761494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T23:51:39Z","timestamp":1677887499000},"page":"073-090","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bone Marrow Changes and Lesions of Diabetic Foot and Ankle Disease: Conventional and Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Gitanjali","family":"Bajaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avneesh","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Radiology and Orthopedic Surgery, UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins University and Walton Centre for Neuroscience, Liverpool, United Kingdom"},{"name":"University of Dallas, Irving, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67698-2","article-title":"The global burden of diabetic foot disease","volume":"366","author":"A J Boulton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1993.tb00144.x","article-title":"The description and classification of diabetic foot lesions","volume":"10","author":"W J Jeffcoate","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.04.048","article-title":"MRI spectrum of bone changes in the diabetic foot","volume":"81","author":"I K Roug","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1184","volume-title":"Bone, Joint and Spinal Infections","author":"J Singh","year":"2021"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1278425","article-title":"MRI evaluation of bone marrow changes in the diabetic foot: a practical approach","volume":"15","author":"T R Toledano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0844","article-title":"The Charcot foot in diabetes","volume":"34","author":"L C Rogers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.327125054","article-title":"Diabetic musculoskeletal complications and their imaging mimics","volume":"32","author":"J C Baker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.7547\/1030002","article-title":"2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections","volume":"103","author":"B A Lipsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"868","volume-title":"General Principles of MRI of the Bone Marrow. 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