{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:43:43Z","timestamp":1754156623928,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology","issue":"01","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":59,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Academic Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Purpose\u2003To compare the diagnostic ability of medical students using smartphone ophthalmoscopy (SO) with conventional direct ophthalmoscopy (DO).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003Twenty-eight first- and second-year medical students were trained to use the SO and DO. They also attended educational seminars regarding optic nerve and retinal pathology and were given hands-on practice with each ophthalmoscopy method. Students were randomized 2:1 into one of the groups (DO or SO). Students then examined six patients and recorded their findings, ease of use, and confidence level on a questionnaire. Two attending ophthalmologists, masked to the randomization, graded the student questionnaires. A priori power calculation determined the sample size. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of correct diagnoses the students made. Two-sample t-test, Wilcoxon's rank-sum test, and Fisher's exact test were used to compare the outcomes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Students using the SO outperformed students using DO in terms of mean percent correct (% correct) diagnosis (smartphone: 42% vs. direct: 23%; p-value\u2009=\u20090.0057), mean % correct photo match (smartphone: mean\u2009=\u200960% vs. direct: 32%; p-value\u2009=\u20090.0052), and mean % correct nerve\/retinal descriptors (smartphone: 72% vs. direct: 59%; p-value\u2009=\u20090.0048). There was not a significant difference in terms of perceived ease of use (smartphone: mean\u2009=\u20093.3 vs. direct: mean\u2009=\u20092.6; p-value\u2009=\u20090.0945), or subjective confidence (smartphone: mean\u2009=\u20092.6 vs. direct: mean\u2009=\u20092.1; p-value\u2009=\u20090.0808) between the two groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003SO provides an alternate way for medical students to learn, diagnose, and describe ocular pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1763280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T19:38:02Z","timestamp":1677699482000},"page":"e62-e67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparing the Diagnostic Utility of Conventional Direct Ophthalmoscopy with Smartphone Ophthalmoscopy among Medical Students"],"prefix":"10.62199","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jibran","family":"Sharieff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A McGee Eye Institute, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Bugg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A McGee Eye Institute, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary C. W.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hudson College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hudson College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A McGee Eye Institute, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Preston","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2462-0530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tammy","family":"Yanovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A McGee Eye Institute, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"48610","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S190922","article-title":"Comparison of smartphone ophthalmoscopy vs conventional direct ophthalmoscopy as a teaching tool for medical students: the COSMOS study","volume":"13","author":"Y Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.12.025","article-title":"The state of ophthalmology medical student education 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Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20180220-01","article-title":"Comparison study of funduscopic examination using a smartphone-based digital ophthalmoscope and the direct ophthalmoscope","volume":"55","author":"A R Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/tct.12171","article-title":"Factors associated with confidence in fundoscopy","volume":"11","author":"C Schulz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Teach"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-019-1477-0","article-title":"Smartphone ophthalmoscopy: patient and student practitioner perceptions","volume":"44","author":"M Nagra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Syst"}],"container-title":["Journal of Academic 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