{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:06:51Z","timestamp":1785910011367,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arq Neuropsiquiatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The observation of the human retina in vivo began in 1851 after the invention of the first ophthalmoscope by the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz. In the following decades, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, with the use of ophthalmoscopes and condensing lenses, respectively, became part of the clinical examination, especially in ophthalmology and neurology. Today, over 170 years later, many ophthalmoscopes and condensing lenses exist on the market. Nevertheless, ophthalmoscopy is still not widely adopted as part of the physical exam of general practitioners, and the teaching of ophthalmoscopy in medical school remains challenging. Studies have shown that students prefer using newer ophthalmoscope models or condensing lenses during training, but most do not feel confident in performing ophthalmoscopy afterwards, regardless of the models used. Also, few students acquire ophthalmoscopes for their future practice, and clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated superiority of newer ophthalmoscope models over the conventional ones in diagnostic accuracy. The technological improvement of smartphone cameras in recent years has made it feasible to photograph the fundus of the eye using ophthalmoscopes or condensing lenses, reducing the need for retinographs and similar equipment. Smartphone assisted indirect fundoscopy is becoming increasingly popular. This approach allows adequate identification of the structures of the fundus, is cost-efficient, easy to implement, and permits easy recording and sharing of the images obtained, which is useful for case discussions and medical teaching. However, controlled clinical trials validating this method in the evaluation of optic nerve pathologies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1763489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T22:50:38Z","timestamp":1685573438000},"page":"502-509","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fundoscopy in the smartphone age: current ophthalmoscopy methods in neurology"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"81","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0863-8602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard Henrik","family":"Corr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","author":"H von Helmholtz"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00163473","article-title":"The history of the ophthalmoscope","volume":"71","author":"S E Sherman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","first-page":"115","article-title":"Direct Ophthalmoscopy\u2026 Soon to be Forgotten?","volume":"88","author":"M Katherine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ulster Med J"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000115","article-title":"The demise of direct ophthalmoscopy: A modern clinical challenge","volume":"5","author":"D D Mackay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","first-page":"643","article-title":"125 years of indirect ophthalmoscopy","volume":"11","author":"H N Jacklin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref6","author":"E H Leung"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.35479\/ijretina.2019.vol002.iss002.76","article-title":"Condensing lens on binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy","volume":"2","author":"D Y Wiguna","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Retina"},{"issue":"119","key":"ref8","first-page":"180","article-title":"By J. M. Charcot. Translated by George Sigerson, M.D. Sydenham Society. London, 1877","volume":"Jul;60","author":"Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System 1Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System, delivered at La Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re.","year":"1877","journal-title":"Br Foreign Med Chir Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181bb2d51","article-title":"A prospective study of the longitudinal effects of an embedded specialty curriculum on physical examination skills using an ophthalmology model","volume":"84","author":"L Mottow-Lippa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0177-1","article-title":"Smart phone ophthalmoscopy: a potential replacement for the direct ophthalmoscope","volume":"32","author":"S Mamtora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2004.00810.x","article-title":"Panoptic versus conventional ophthalmoscope","volume":"32","author":"J E McComiskie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.06.022","article-title":"Teaching ophthalmoscopy to medical students (the TOTeMS study)","volume":"156","author":"L P Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i6637","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6637","article-title":"Arclight: a pocket ophthalmoscope for the 21st century","volume":"355","author":"A Blaikie","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0972-3","article-title":"The Arclight vs. traditional ophthalmoscope: a cross-over trial","volume":"35","author":"M L Hytiris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02942-y","article-title":"Comparison of conventional and wide field direct ophthalmoscopy on medical students' self-confidence for fundus examination: a 1-year follow-up","volume":"21","author":"G Ayub","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref16","first-page":"83","article-title":"Comparison between the panoptic ophthalmoscope and the conventional direct ophthalmoscope in the detection of sight threatening diabetic retinopathy: the kuching diabetic eye study","volume":"5","author":"A Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malays Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-018-0162-7","article-title":"Smartphone Assisted Fundus Fundoscopy\/Photography","volume":"6","author":"A Barikian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Ophthalmology Reports"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"823139","article-title":"A Novel Device to Exploit the Smartphone Camera for Fundus Photography","volume":"2015","author":"A Russo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S266123","article-title":"Teaching Smartphone Funduscopy with 20 Diopter Lens in Undergraduate Medical Education","volume":"15","author":"J Kohler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20180220-01","article-title":"Comparison Study of Funduscopic Examination Using a Smartphone-Based Digital Ophthalmoscope and the Direct Ophthalmoscope","volume":"55","author":"A R Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"}],"container-title":["Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0043-1763489.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T22:53:08Z","timestamp":1685573588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-1763489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"05","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1763489","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-282X","1678-4227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-282X","type":"print"},{"value":"1678-4227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}}}