{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:54:32Z","timestamp":1791640472021,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this manuscript, we review the epidemiology of movement disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), atypical parkinsonism, essential tremor, dystonia, functional movement disorders, tic disorders, chorea, and ataxias. We emphasize age-, sex-, and geography-based incidence and prevalence, as well as notable trends including the rising incidence and prevalence of PD. Given the growing global interest in refining clinical diagnostic skills in recognizing movement disorders, we highlight some key epidemiological findings that may be of interest to clinicians and health systems tasked with diagnosing and managing the health of patients with movement disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1764140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:16:30Z","timestamp":1678407390000},"page":"004-016","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Global Epidemiology of Movement Disorders: Rare or Underdiagnosed?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"O'Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludy C.","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23759","article-title":"Classification of movement disorders","volume":"26","author":"S Fahn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23878","article-title":"Projected numbers of people with movement disorders in the years 2030 and 2050","volume":"26","author":"J P Bach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0172593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172593","article-title":"Prevalence and associated comorbidities of restless legs syndrome (RLS): data from a large population-based door-to-door survey on 19176 adults in Tehran, Iran","volume":"12","author":"S M Fereshtehnejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000368167","article-title":"A novel 6-item screening questionnaire for Parkinsonism: validation and comparison between different instruments","volume":"43","author":"S M Fereshtehnejad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.03.027","article-title":"Evaluation of a screening questionnaire for Parkinson's disease in a Chinese population","volume":"21","author":"Z Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8327980","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8327980","article-title":"Linked registries: connecting rare diseases patient registries through a semantic web layer","volume":"2017","author":"P Sernadela","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20880","article-title":"Prevalence of dystonia in Akita Prefecture in Northern Japan","volume":"21","author":"M Sugawara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860903586086","article-title":"Clock drawing performance in a community-dwelling population: Normative data for Japanese subjects","volume":"14","author":"N Sugawara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23210","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of Parkinson's disease in retired Thai traditional boxers","volume":"25","author":"P Lolekha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12605","article-title":"The Six-item Clock-Drawing Scoring System: a rapid screening for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease","volume":"21","author":"P Lolekha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.21104","article-title":"Validation of the Thai Version of the Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale","volume":"15","author":"P Jagota","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson's disease, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"GBD 2016 Parkinson's Disease Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3299","article-title":"The Parkinson pandemic-a call to action","volume":"75","author":"E R Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10305","article-title":"Systematic review of incidence studies of Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"D Twelves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1159\/000445751","article-title":"The incidence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"L Hirsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00410-y","article-title":"Incidence of Parkinson disease in North America","volume":"8","author":"A W Willis","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2016.11.001","article-title":"Are we facing a noncommunicable disease pandemic?","volume":"7","author":"L Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1159\/000524208","article-title":"Trends in prevalence cases and disability-adjusted life-years of Parkinson's disease: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"56","author":"Q Q Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27063","article-title":"Projection of the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the coming decades: revisited","volume":"33","author":"A Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-018-0058-0","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson's disease across North America","volume":"4","author":"C Marras","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120119","article-title":"Why does Africa have the lowest number of neurologists and how to cover the gap?","volume":"434","author":"N Kissani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30287-X","article-title":"The genetic architecture of Parkinson's disease","volume":"19","author":"C Blauwendraat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30320-5","article-title":"Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies","volume":"18","author":"M A Nalls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R48","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp012","article-title":"Parkinson's disease: from monogenic forms to genetic susceptibility factors","volume":"18","author":"S Lesage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1601567","article-title":"Genetic forms of Parkinson's disease","volume":"37","author":"C Y Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.10.001","article-title":"The commercial genetic testing landscape for Parkinson's disease","volume":"92","author":"L Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25647","article-title":"Parkinson disease phenotype in Ashkenazi Jews with and without LRRK2 G2019S mutations","volume":"28","author":"R N Alcalay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70117-0","article-title":"Phenotype, genotype, and worldwide genetic penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease: a case-control study","volume":"7","author":"D G Healy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25499","article-title":"The many faces of alpha-synuclein mutations","volume":"28","author":"M Kasten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25145","article-title":"VPS35 mutation in Japanese patients with typical Parkinson's disease","volume":"27","author":"M Ando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.06.008","article-title":"A mutation in VPS35, encoding a subunit of the retromer complex, causes late-onset Parkinson disease","volume":"89","author":"A Zimprich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000167546.39375.82","article-title":"Early-onset parkinsonism associated with PINK1 mutations: frequency, genotypes, and phenotypes","volume":"65","author":"V Bonifati","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl005","article-title":"Mutational analysis of the PINK1 gene in early-onset parkinsonism in Europe and North Africa","volume":"129","author":"P Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25132","article-title":"Systematic review and UK-based study of PARK2 (parkin), PINK1, PARK7 (DJ-1) and LRRK2 in early-onset Parkinson's disease","volume":"27","author":"L L Kilarski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.12.1898","article-title":"Analysis of the PINK1 gene in a large cohort of cases with Parkinson disease","volume":"61","author":"E Rogaeva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20256","article-title":"PINK1 mutations are associated with sporadic early-onset parkinsonism","volume":"56","author":"E M Valente","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201455","article-title":"PINK1, Parkin, and DJ-1 mutations in Italian patients with early-onset parkinsonism","volume":"13","author":"C Klein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077209","article-title":"Mutations in the DJ-1 gene associated with autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism","volume":"299","author":"V Bonifati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8040364","article-title":"GBA, Gaucher disease, and Parkinson's disease: from genetic to clinic to new therapeutic approaches","volume":"8","author":"G M Riboldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318245f476","article-title":"Penetrance of Parkinson disease in glucocerebrosidase gene mutation carriers","volume":"78","author":"M Anheim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28200","article-title":"Penetrance of glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mutations in Parkinson's disease: a kin cohort study","volume":"35","author":"R Balestrino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.03.005","article-title":"Gene-environment interactions: key to unraveling the mystery of Parkinson's disease","volume":"94","author":"H M Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00218","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and the environment","volume":"10","author":"N Ball","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10277","article-title":"A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease","volume":"52","author":"M A Hern\u00e1n","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.8.732","article-title":"Parkinson's disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake","volume":"155","author":"H Checkoway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d55f38","article-title":"Smoking duration, intensity, and risk of Parkinson disease","volume":"74","author":"H Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.009","article-title":"\u201cMetal elements and pesticides as risk factors for Parkinson's disease - a review\u201d","volume":"8","author":"I Ullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0399-3","article-title":"Association of Parkinson's disease with industry sectors: a French nationwide incidence study","volume":"33","author":"T Vlaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.07.048","article-title":"Metals and neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic review","volume":"159","author":"C E Cicero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.09.006","article-title":"Gene-environment interactions linking air pollution and inflammation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"151","author":"P C Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-016-0083-2","article-title":"Of pesticides and men: a California story of genes and environment in Parkinson's disease","volume":"3","author":"B R Ritz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.1335","article-title":"Association of NO2 and other air pollution exposures with the risk of Parkinson disease","volume":"78","author":"S Jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"239","article-title":"Occupational exposure to manganese, copper, lead, iron, mercury and zinc and the risk of Parkinson's disease","volume":"20","author":"J M Gorell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-011-9574-5","article-title":"Parkinson's disease risk from ambient exposure to pesticides","volume":"26","author":"A Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk024","article-title":"Pesticide exposure and self-reported Parkinson's disease in the agricultural health study","volume":"165","author":"F Kamel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.01.039","article-title":"Pesticides exposure as etiological factors of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases\u2013a mechanistic approach","volume":"230","author":"M T Baltazar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.05.019","article-title":"Organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos impairs STAT1 signaling to induce dopaminergic neurotoxicity: Implications for mitochondria mediated oxidative stress signaling events","volume":"117","author":"N Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Eleventh Biennial Update)"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304426","article-title":"Agent Orange during the Vietnam War: the lingering issue of its civilian and military health impact","volume":"108","author":"J M Stellman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.06.018","article-title":"Organophosphate pesticides and PON1\u2009L55M in Parkinson's disease progression","volume":"107","author":"K C Paul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571800","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.571800","article-title":"Clinical features of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy in an US insurance claims database","volume":"12","author":"E Viscidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26054","article-title":"The phenotypic spectrum of progressive supranuclear palsy: a retrospective multicenter study of 100 definite cases","volume":"29","author":"G Respondek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13489","article-title":"Systematic review of prevalence studies of progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome","volume":"9","author":"D MA Swallow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract (Hoboken)"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04137-9","article-title":"Prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy: a cross-sectional study","volume":"354","author":"A Schrag","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-302500","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of multiple system atrophy: a nationwide study in Iceland","volume":"84","author":"A Bjornsdottir","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e414","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001016","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic accuracy of early\/advanced parkinson disease: an updated clinicopathologic study","volume":"11","author":"C H Adler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-315813","article-title":"Recent advances in neuropathology, biomarkers and therapeutic approach of multiple system atrophy","volume":"89","author":"S Koga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001807","article-title":"When DLB, PD, and PSP masquerade as MSA: an autopsy study of 134 patients","volume":"85","author":"S Koga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28406","article-title":"Is levodopa response a valid indicator of Parkinson's disease?","volume":"36","author":"W RW Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27121","article-title":"Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society","volume":"33","author":"K P Bhatia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.632","article-title":"How common is essential tremor? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor","volume":"11","author":"E D Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.198","article-title":"How many people in the USA have essential tremor? Deriving a population estimate based on epidemiological data","volume":"4","author":"E D Louis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25426","article-title":"Measuring mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"28","author":"C Marras","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0347","article-title":"Essential tremor: emerging views of a common disorder","volume":"2","author":"J Benito-Le\u00f3n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.086579","article-title":"Essential tremor: predictors of disease progression in a clinical cohort","volume":"77","author":"J D Putzke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22838","article-title":"How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor","volume":"25","author":"E D Louis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.134304","article-title":"The prevalence of essential tremor in rural northern Tanzania","volume":"79","author":"C L Dotchin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-110","article-title":"Prevalence of essential tremor in urban Lagos, Nigeria: a door-to-door community-based study","volume":"12","author":"N U Okubadejo","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1982.tb03129.x","article-title":"Essential tremor in a Finnish population","volume":"66","author":"I Rautakorpi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10376","article-title":"Prevalence of essential tremor in three elderly populations of central Spain","volume":"18","author":"J Benito-Le\u00f3n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1159\/000111584","article-title":"Does age of onset in essential tremor have a bimodal distribution? Data from a tertiary referral setting and a population-based study","volume":"29","author":"E D Louis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.08.017","article-title":"Features of \u201cET plus\u201d correlate with age and tremor duration: \u201cET plus\u201d may be a disease stage rather than a subtype of essential tremor","volume":"91","author":"E D Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782694","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.782694","article-title":"\u201cET Plus\u201d: instability of the diagnosis during prospective longitudinal follow-up of essential tremor cases","volume":"12","author":"D Iglesias-Hernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1159\/000526278","article-title":"Lack of familial aggregation of the \u201cEssential Tremor-Plus\u201d phenotype in familial essential tremor","volume":"56","author":"D S Berry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02314-2","article-title":"Dystonia updates: definition, nomenclature, clinical classification, and etiology","volume":"128","author":"K Gr\u00fctz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref88","volume-title":"Dystonia. [Updated 2022 Sep 5]","author":"A Pana","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref89","volume-title":"Epidemiology of Dystonia, in Treatment of Dystonia","author":"B Ebiol","year":"2018"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475","article-title":"Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update","volume":"28","author":"A Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(04)00907-X","article-title":"Epidemiology of primary dystonia","volume":"3","author":"G Defazio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25244","article-title":"The prevalence of primary dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"T D Steeves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13524","article-title":"The prevalence of idiopathic or inherited isolated dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"A Medina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21446","article-title":"Community survey of primary dystonia in the city of Kolkata, India","volume":"22","author":"S K Das","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12438","article-title":"High prevalence of primary focal dystonia in the Faroe Islands","volume":"133","author":"P Joensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25818","article-title":"Heterogeneity in primary dystonia: lessons from THAP1, GNAL, and TOR1A in Amish-Mennonites","volume":"29","author":"R Saunders-Pullman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3740","article-title":"Mutations in the histone methyltransferase gene KMT2B cause complex early-onset dystonia","volume":"49","author":"UK10K Consortium","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30312-4","article-title":"Monogenic variants in dystonia: an exome-wide sequencing study","volume":"19","author":"M Zech","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.10.010","article-title":"Haploinsufficiency of KMT2B, encoding the lysine-specific histone methyltransferase 2B, results in early-onset generalized dystonia","volume":"99","author":"M Zech","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.11.009","article-title":"Review of the phenotype of early-onset generalised progressive dystonia due to mutations in KMT2B","volume":"22","author":"K M Gorman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28485","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype relations for isolated dystonia genes: MDSGene systematic review","volume":"36","author":"L M Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"40","article-title":"The diagnosis of functional movement disorder","author":"G S Gilmour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0987","article-title":"A practical review of functional neurological disorder (FND) for the general physician","volume":"21","author":"K Bennett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801772-2.00015-1","article-title":"Assessment of patients with functional neurologic disorders","volume":"139","author":"A Carson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2010.05.011","article-title":"Who is referred to neurology clinics?\u2013the diagnoses made in 3781 new patients","volume":"112","author":"J Stone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-301860","article-title":"Functional (conversion) neurological symptoms: research since the millennium","volume":"83","author":"A J Carson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1264","article-title":"Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders","volume":"75","author":"A J Espay","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2008.09.028","article-title":"Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures\u2013diagnostic issues: a critical review","volume":"111","author":"N M Bodde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref109","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stigma and functional neurological disorder: a research agenda targeting the clinical encounter","volume":"3","author":"K E MacDuffie","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-328462","article-title":"Functional movement disorder gender, age and phenotype study: a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis of 4905 cases","volume":"93","author":"S C Lidstone","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.37323","article-title":"A study of clinical correlates and socio-demographic profile in conversion disorder","volume":"49","author":"K Deka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"1607","article-title":"The spectrum of functional neurological disorders: a retrospective analysis at a tertiary hospital in South Africa","volume":"27","author":"L Naidoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"S Afr J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.19040083","article-title":"What is the role of a specialist assessment clinic for FND? Lessons from three national referral centers","volume":"32","author":"S Aybek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3753","article-title":"Assessment of emergency department and inpatient use and costs in adult and pediatric functional neurological disorders","volume":"78","author":"C D Stephen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24479","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112479","article-title":"A comprehensive review of tic disorders in children","volume":"10","author":"K Ueda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.002","article-title":"Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"T Knight","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.373","article-title":"How much do we know about adult-onset primary tics? prevalence, epidemiology, and clinical features","volume":"7","author":"D Robakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109675","article-title":"Meta-analysis: adulthood prevalence of Tourette syndrome","volume":"95","author":"J LS Levine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-016-0099-1","article-title":"Tourette syndrome and comorbid neuropsychiatric conditions","volume":"3","author":"A Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Dev Disord Rep"},{"key":"ref120","volume-title":"Tourette Syndrome And Other Tic Disorders","author":"K Jones","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.2.331","article-title":"Tics and problem behaviors in schoolchildren: prevalence, characterization, and associations","volume":"110","author":"L A Snider","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref122","first-page":"75","article-title":"Social stigma and self-perception in adolescents with tourette syndrome","volume":"10","author":"J H Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adolesc Health Med Ther"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/pn.2007.134585","article-title":"The differential diagnosis of chorea","volume":"7","author":"E J Wild","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05332-w","article-title":"Adult-onset sporadic chorea: real-world data from a single-centre retrospective study","volume":"43","author":"R Bovenzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13413","article-title":"Huntington's disease: a clinical review","volume":"25","author":"P McColgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29228","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of Huntington's disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"A Medina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/3.12.2103","article-title":"DNA haplotype analysis of Huntington disease reveals clues to the origins and mechanisms of CAG expansion and reasons for geographic variations of prevalence","volume":"3","author":"F Squitieri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2009.02.003","article-title":"CAG expansion in the Huntington disease gene is associated with a specific and targetable predisposing haplogroup","volume":"84","author":"S C Warby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref129","first-page":"193","article-title":"The prevalence of Huntington's chorea in South Africa","volume":"58","author":"M R Hayden","year":"1980","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2013.2","article-title":"Huntington disease in the South African population occurs on diverse and ethnically distinct genetic haplotypes","volume":"21","author":"F K Baine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-019-0109-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of dystonia, chorea, and athetosis in Al Quseir City (Red Sea Governorate), Egypt","volume":"55","author":"R Badry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000110316","article-title":"A community survey of neurological disorders in Saudi Arabia: the Thugbah study","volume":"12","author":"S al Rajeh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807302614","article-title":"Sydenham's chorea: a clinical follow-up of 65 patients","volume":"22","author":"K Demiroren","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref134","first-page":"359","article-title":"Sydenham's chorea in Tunisia: a report on 65 cases (author's transl) [in French]","volume":"130","author":"M Ben Hamida","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Med Interne (Paris)"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.11.010","article-title":"Sydenham's chorea: clinical observations from a Brazilian movement disorder clinic","volume":"13","author":"V Tumas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70327-7","article-title":"The natural history of multiple system atrophy: a prospective European cohort study","volume":"12","author":"G K Wenning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.064","article-title":"MSA-C is the predominant clinical phenotype of MSA in Japan: analysis of 142 patients with probable MSA","volume":"249","author":"I Yabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000358801","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia: a systematic review of prevalence studies","volume":"42","author":"L Ruano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.5.702","article-title":"Spinocerebellar ataxias in the Netherlands: prevalence and age at onset variance analysis","volume":"58","author":"B PC van de Warrenburg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22132","article-title":"The inherited ataxias: genetic heterogeneity, mutation databases, and future directions in research and clinical diagnostics","volume":"33","author":"J Hersheson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2006.043166","article-title":"Array-based comparative genomic hybridisation identifies high frequency of cryptic chromosomal rearrangements in patients with syndromic autism spectrum disorders","volume":"43","author":"M L Jacquemont","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000148723.37489.3F","article-title":"FMR1 gene premutation is a frequent genetic cause of late-onset sporadic cerebellar ataxia","volume":"64","author":"A Brussino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1086\/444549","article-title":"Duplication of the MECP2 region is a frequent cause of severe mental retardation and progressive neurological symptoms in males","volume":"77","author":"H Van Esch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-003-0939-z","article-title":"Observation of an excess of fragile-X premutations in a population of males referred with spinocerebellar ataxia","volume":"112","author":"J Macpherson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.2.855","article-title":"Hereditary ataxias and paraplegias in Cantabria, Spain. An epidemiological and clinical study","volume":"114","author":"J M Polo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref146","first-page":"1262","article-title":"Nozological spectrum of hereditary diseases of the nervous system in the cities of Volgograd and Volzhsky [in Russian]","volume":"40","author":"N B Kirilenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genetika"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12215","article-title":"Prevalence gradients of Friedreich's ataxia and R1b haplotype in Europe co-localize, suggesting a common Palaeolithic origin in the Franco-Cantabrian ice age refuge","volume":"126","author":"P Vankan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0136341","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136341","article-title":"Sentiment measured in hospital discharge notes is associated with readmission and mortality risk: an electronic health record study","volume":"10","author":"T H McCoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00662-8","article-title":"Multiple system atrophy","volume":"3","author":"G K Wenning","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.7.1438","article-title":"The prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) in the UK","volume":"124","author":"U Nath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01442.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes in a rural Japanese district","volume":"124","author":"Y Osaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01699-3","article-title":"Validation of diagnostic codes and epidemiologic trends of Huntington disease: a population-based study in Navarre, Spain","volume":"16","author":"E Vicente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.14038","article-title":"Current status of Huntington's disease in Korea: a nationwide survey and national registry analysis","volume":"8","author":"H S Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref154","first-page":"900","article-title":"Population genetic study of Huntington's disease\u2013prevalence and founder's effect in the San-in area, western Japan [in Japanese]","volume":"57","author":"Y Adachi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1159\/000319462","article-title":"Nationwide population-based epidemiologic study of Huntington's Disease in Taiwan","volume":"35","author":"Y Y Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref156","first-page":"16","article-title":"Huntington disease (chorea) in the middle East","volume":"9","author":"E M Scrimgeour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12474","article-title":"The burden of movement disorders in Cameroon: a rural and urban-based inpatient\/outpatient study","volume":"4","author":"E Cubo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01110.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of Huntington's disease in Slovenia","volume":"119","author":"B Peterlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.09.011","article-title":"Prevalence of Huntington's disease in Southern Sardinia, Italy","volume":"80","author":"A Muroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304636","article-title":"Prevalence of adult Huntington's disease in the UK based on diagnoses recorded in general practice records","volume":"84","author":"S J Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12984","article-title":"The Danish HD Registry-a nationwide family registry of HD families in Denmark","volume":"92","author":"M Gilling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1556-3","article-title":"Epidemiology and health care utilization of patients suffering from Huntington's disease in Germany: real world evidence based on German claims data","volume":"19","author":"C Ohlmeier","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1159\/000524732","article-title":"Epidemiology of Huntington's disease in the United States Medicare and Medicaid populations","volume":"56","author":"A Exuzides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref164","first-page":"294","article-title":"The prevalence of tic disorders and clinical characteristics in children","volume":"3","author":"L Scahill","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0043-1764140.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T13:04:13Z","timestamp":1681304653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-1764140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":162,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1764140","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-8235","1098-9021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-8235","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}}}