{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:28:35Z","timestamp":1788316115944,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"S 01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Objective\u2003Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has become available for women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy. The recommended time in range (TIR, blood glucose 70\u2013140\u2009mg\/dL) and its correlation with adverse pregnancy outcomes in this group is unknown. Our aim was to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant people with T2DM or GDM with average CGM TIR values &gt;70 versus \u226470%.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Study Design\u2003We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all individuals using CGM during pregnancy from January 2017 to June 2022. Individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus, or those missing CGM or delivery data were excluded. Primary composite neonatal outcome included any of the following: large for gestational age, NICU admission, need for intravenous glucose, respiratory support, or neonatal death. Secondary outcomes included other maternal and neonatal outcomes. Regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2003During the study period, 141 individuals with diabetes utilized CGM during pregnancy, with 65 (46%) meeting inclusion criteria. Of the study population, 28 (43%) had TIR \u226470% and 37 (57%) had TIR\u2009&gt;\u200970%. Compared with those with TIR\u2009&gt;\u200970%, the primary composite outcome occurred more frequently in neonates of individuals TIR \u226470% (71.4 vs. 37.8%, aOR: 4.8, 95% CI: 1.6, 15.7). Furthermore, individuals with TIR \u226470% were more likely to have hypertensive disorders (42.9 vs. 16.2%, OR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.3, 13.0), preterm delivery (54 vs. 27%, OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.1, 9.1), and cesarean delivery (96.4 vs. 51.4%, OR: 4.6, 95% CI: 2.2, 15.1) compared with those with TIR &gt;70%.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusion\u2003Among people with T2DM or GDM who utilized CGM during pregnancy, 4 out 10 individuals had TIR \u226470% and, compared with those with TIR\u2009&gt;\u200970%, they had a higher likelihood of adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Key Points\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1764208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T23:59:40Z","timestamp":1677715180000},"page":"e1370-e1377","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Time in Range: Association with Adverse Outcomes among People with Type 2 or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6833-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghamar","family":"Bitar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joycelyn A.","family":"Cornthwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tala","family":"Ghorayeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahla","family":"Daye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Nazeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danna","family":"Ghafir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Cornthwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suneet P.","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baha M.","family":"Sibai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Fishel Bartal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002501","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"131","author":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"S74","article-title":"Maternal complications in pregnancy with diabetes","volume":"66","author":"V Kulshrestha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00092-9","article-title":"The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study","volume":"78","author":"HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol 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