{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:07:56Z","timestamp":1761541676027,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We review the wide variety of common neuroimaging manifestations related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and COVID therapies, grouping the entities by likely pathophysiology, recognizing that the etiology of many entities remains uncertain. Direct viral invasion likely contributes to olfactory bulb abnormalities. COVID meningoencephalitis may represent direct viral infection and\/or autoimmune inflammation. Para-infectious inflammation and inflammatory demyelination at the time of infection are likely primary contributors to acute necrotizing encephalopathy, cytotoxic lesion of the corpus callosum, and diffuse white matter abnormality. Later postinfectious inflammation and demyelination may manifest as acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome, or transverse myelitis. The hallmark vascular inflammation and coagulopathy of COVID-19 may produce acute ischemic infarction, microinfarction contributing to white matter abnormality, space-occupying hemorrhage or microhemorrhage, venous thrombosis, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Adverse effects of therapies including zinc, chloroquine\/hydroxychloroquine, antivirals, and vaccines, and current evidence regarding \u201clong COVID\u201d is briefly reviewed. Finally, we present a case of bacterial and fungal superinfection related to immune dysregulation from COVID.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1767771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T22:41:36Z","timestamp":1687992096000},"page":"205-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neuroimaging of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Jisoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School & Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey S.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School & Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Neuropathology of COVID\u221219 (neuro-COVID): clinicopathological update","volume":"2","author":"J J Lou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Neuropathol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"L Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID\u221219): a multicenter European study","volume":"277","author":"J R 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