{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T22:05:29Z","timestamp":1778709929789,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objective\u2003The main aim of this study is to compare the impact of six proximal tibial osteotomies on the geometry and alignment of tibias with and without excessive tibial plateau angle (TPA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Study Design\u2003Mediolateral radiographs of 30 canine tibias were divided into three groups (n\u2009=\u200910\/group): moderate TPA (\u226434\u2009degrees), severe TPA (34.1\u201344\u2009degrees) and extreme TPA (&gt;44\u2009degrees). Six proximal tibial osteotomies were simulated on each tibia using orthopaedic planning software: cranial closing wedge ostectomy (CCWO), modified CCWO (mCCWO), isosceles CCWO (iCCWO), neutral isosceles CCWO (niCCWO), tibial plateau levelling osteotomy with CCWO (TPLO\/CCWO) and coplanar centre of rotation of angulation-based levelling osteotomy (coCBLO). All tibias were reduced to a standard target TPA. Pre- and postoperative measurements were obtained for each virtual correction. Compared outcome measures included tibial long axis shift (TLAS), cranial tibial tuberosity shift (cTTS), distal tibial tuberosity shift (dTTS), tibial shortening and osteotomy overlap.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results\u2003Across all TPA groups, TPLO\/CCWO had the lowest mean TLAS (1.4\u2009mm) and dTTS (6.8\u2009mm); coCBLO had the largest TLAS (6.5\u2009mm) and cTTS (13.1\u2009mm); CCWO had the largest dTTS (29.5\u2009mm). CCWO had the largest degree of tibial shortening of 6.5\u2009mm, while mCCWO, niCCWO and coCBLO resulted in minimal tibial lengthening (1.8\u20133.0\u2009mm). These trends were generally conserved across different TPA groups. All findings had a p-value less than 0.05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion\u2003mCCWO balances moderate alterations to tibial geometry while preserving osteotomy overlap. The TPLO\/CCWO has the least effect on tibial morphology alteration, whereas the coCBLO results in the largest alteration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1768229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T19:07:35Z","timestamp":1683054455000},"page":"225-235","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Radiographic Comparison of Virtual Surgical Corrective Options for Excessive Tibial Plateau Angle in the Dog"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9843-8112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie J.","family":"Worden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Oxley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vet3D, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaron","family":"Naiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Surgery, ACCESS Specialty Animal Hospital \u2013 Pasadena, Pasadena, California, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William Michael","family":"Karlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiffany M.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Hetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2987-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Bleedorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1633097","article-title":"Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through 1989","volume":"07","author":"J A Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2005.00021.x","article-title":"Long-term radiographic comparison of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy versus extracapsular stabilization for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog","volume":"34","author":"T P Lazar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.5.586","article-title":"Results of a survey of Veterinary Orthopedic Society members on the preferred method for treating cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs weighing more than 15 kilograms (33 pounds)","volume":"253","author":"D JF von Pfeil","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-14-03-0047","article-title":"Treatment of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease. A survey of ACVS Diplomates and primary care veterinarians","volume":"27","author":"F M Duerr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00348.x","article-title":"Comparison of surgical treatment options for cranial cruciate ligament disease in large-breed dogs with excessive tibial plateau angle","volume":"37","author":"F M Duerr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.111.13.295","article-title":"Deformity of the proximal tibia in dogs","volume":"111","author":"R A Read","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0244075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244075","article-title":"Analysis of copy number variation in dogs implicates genomic structural variation in the development of anterior cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"15","author":"E E Binversie","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00217.x","article-title":"Combination tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and cranial closing wedge osteotomy of the tibia for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifles with excessive tibial plateau angle","volume":"35","author":"M B Talaat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2001.21400","article-title":"Effect of tibial plateau leveling on cranial and caudal tibial thrusts in canine cranial cruciate-deficient stifles: an in vitro experimental study","volume":"30","author":"C C Warzee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00125.x","article-title":"Biomechanics of tibial plateau leveling of the canine cruciate-deficient stifle joint: a theoretical model","volume":"35","author":"R Shahar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00009.x","article-title":"Caudal proximal tibial deformity and cranial cruciate ligament rupture in small-breed dogs","volume":"43","author":"C Macias","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12202.x","article-title":"Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in small breed dogs with high tibial plateau angles using a 4-hole 1.9\/2.5\u2009mm locking T-plate","volume":"43","author":"P G Witte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12486","article-title":"Short-term outcome and complications of TPLO using anatomically contoured locking compression plates in small\/medium-breed dogs with \u201cexcessive\u201d tibial plateau angle","volume":"57","author":"D C Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13480","article-title":"Center of rotation of angulation-based leveling osteotomy combined with a coplanar cranial closing wedge ostectomy to manage cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency in dogs with excessive tibial plateau angle","volume":"49","author":"A N Schlag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-10-11-0159","article-title":"Modification of the cranial closing wedge ostectomy technique for the treatment of canine cruciate disease. Description and comparison with standard technique","volume":"24","author":"A M Wallace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12033.x","article-title":"Comparison of complication rates and clinical outcome between tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and a modified cranial closing wedge osteotomy for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs","volume":"42","author":"B Oxley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50082-7","article-title":"Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the canine","volume":"23","author":"B Slocum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-07-08-0078","article-title":"Tibial tuberosity conformation as a risk factor for cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog","volume":"22","author":"R Inauen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00119.x","article-title":"Morphometric assessment of the proximal portion of the tibia in dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"47","author":"C S Osmond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12614","article-title":"Modified cranial closing wedge osteotomy for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency in dogs with excessive tibial plateau angles: Technique and complications in 19 cases","volume":"46","author":"S W Frederick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12472","article-title":"Owner evaluation of a CORA-based leveling osteotomy for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injury in dogs","volume":"45","author":"E N Kishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1160\/VCOT-06-02-0012","article-title":"Geometric implications of the tibial wedge osteotomy for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament disease in dogs","volume":"20","author":"C J Bailey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12912","article-title":"Modified cranial closing wedge ostectomy in 25 dogs","volume":"47","author":"J P Christ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632797","article-title":"Geometric analysis evaluating the effect of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy position on postoperative tibial plateau slope","volume":"17","author":"M P Kowaleski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.04.011","article-title":"Comparison of tibial anatomical-mechanical axis angle between predisposed dogs and dogs at low risk for cranial cruciate ligament rupture","volume":"225","author":"L Gu\u00e9n\u00e9go","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12558","article-title":"Outcome of tibial closing wedge osteotomy in 55 cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifles of small dogs (<15\u2009kg)","volume":"45","author":"K A Campbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Surg"}],"container-title":["Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0043-1768229.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T17:16:18Z","timestamp":1764177378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-1768229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"05","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1768229","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0814","2567-6911"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0814","type":"print"},{"value":"2567-6911","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]}}}