{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:25:21Z","timestamp":1793057121907,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heart failure (HF) and cirrhosis are frequently associated with pleural effusions (PEs). Despite their apparently benign nature, both HF-related effusions and hepatic hydrothorax (HH) have poor prognosis because they represent an advanced stage of the disease. Optimization of medical therapy in these two entities involve not only the use of diuretics, but also other pharmacological therapies. For instance, all HF patients with reduced or mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction can benefit from angiotensin receptor\u2013neprilysin inhibitors, beta blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Conversely, it is better for HH patients to avoid nonselective beta blockers. Refractory cardiac- and cirrhosis-related PEs are commonly managed by iterative therapeutic thoracentesis. When repeated aspirations are needed, thereby diminishing quality of life, the insertion of an indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) may be warranted. However, in selected HH patients who are diuretic-resistant or diuretic-intractable, placement of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts should be considered as a bridge to liver transplantation, whereas in transplant candidates the role of IPC is debatable. Another benign condition, pleural tuberculosis (TB) is a serious health problem in developing countries. Diagnostic certainty is still a concern due to the paucibacillary nature of the infection, although the use of more sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests is becoming more widespread. Its treatment is the same as that of pulmonary TB, but the potential drug interactions between antiretroviral and anti-TB drugs in HIV-coinfected patients as well as the current recommended guidelines for the different types of anti-TB drugs resistance should be followed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1769096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T22:55:31Z","timestamp":1685660131000},"page":"477-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Expert Review on Contemporary Management of Common Benign Pleural Effusions"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Porcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pleural Medicine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"05","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2013.11.007","article-title":"Etiology of pleural effusions: analysis of more than 3,000 consecutive thoracenteses","volume":"50","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828783","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.828783","article-title":"Mortality among hospitalized patients with pleural effusions. a multicenter, observational, prospective study","volume":"9","author":"E Markatis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"35","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5175","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i35.5175","article-title":"Natural history and outcomes of patients with liver cirrhosis complicated by hepatic hydrothorax","volume":"28","author":"S Romero","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163688","article-title":"Hepatic hydrothorax-an independent decompensating event associated with long-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"D Matei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07522-8","article-title":"Refractory hepatic hydrothorax is an independent predictor of mortality when compared to refractory ascites","volume":"67","author":"K T Osman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1748186","article-title":"Nonmalignant pleural effusions","volume":"43","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"456","volume-title":"Pleural effusions: post-surgical and post-cardiac injury","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2022"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201062","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01062-2022","article-title":"ERS\/ESTS statement on the management of pleural infection in adults","volume":"61","author":"E O Bedawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2022.09.017","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusion. recommendations of the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery. Update 2022","volume":"59","author":"M Botana Rial","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.02.004","article-title":"Pleural effusions in acute decompensated heart failure: prevalence and prognostic implications","volume":"52","author":"J L Morales-Rull","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872620901835","article-title":"Quantification of pleural effusions on thoracic ultrasound in acute heart failure","volume":"9","author":"M Lindner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1269828","article-title":"Pleural effusions from congestive heart failure","volume":"31","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2011.04.013","article-title":"Trepopnea may explain right-sided pleural effusion in patients with decompensated heart failure","volume":"30","author":"B S de Araujo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.3.978","article-title":"Etiology and pleural fluid characteristics of large and massive effusions","volume":"124","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2012.11.002","article-title":"Pleural effusions","volume":"59","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000469","article-title":"Pleural effusions in patients with congestive heart failure: frequency, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and implications","author":"E Elgwairi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02638-1","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary ultrasound correlates of pleural effusions in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"22","author":"H Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2022.06.028","article-title":"Prognostic impact of small pericardial effusion in acute heart failure","volume":"364","author":"T Bezgin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.09.009","article-title":"Sonographic appearances in transudative pleural effusions: not always an anechoic pattern","volume":"34","author":"H J Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.02.051","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of thoracic ultrasonography to differentiate transudative from exudative pleural effusion","volume":"158","author":"B Shkolnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1159\/000496153","article-title":"Prospective analysis of the predictive value of sonographic pleural fluid echogenicity for the diagnosis of exudative effusion","volume":"97","author":"R Asciak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202105-548RL","article-title":"Pleural fluid echogenicity measured by ultrasound image pixel density to differentiate transudative versus exudative pleural effusions","volume":"19","author":"N J Soni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"33","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30119","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000030119","article-title":"Value of ultrasonography in determining the nature of pleural effusion: analysis of 582 cases","volume":"101","author":"T Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2022.0004","article-title":"Chest computed tomography features of heart failure: a prospective observational study in patients with acute dyspnea","volume":"29","author":"K Miger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiol J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref25","first-page":"24","article-title":"Computed tomography attenuation values of pleural fluid are useless for differentiating transudates from exudates","volume":"2","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Span J Med."},{"issue":"03","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.19-3-213","article-title":"Interpreting pleural fluid results","volume":"19","author":"R M Mercer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.07.003","article-title":"Pleural fluid analysis: are light's criteria still relevant after half a century?","volume":"42","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02155.x","article-title":"Solving the Light's criteria misclassification rate of cardiac and hepatic transudates","volume":"17","author":"S Bielsa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e32836022dc","article-title":"Identifying transudates misclassified by Light's criteria","volume":"19","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2017.11.008","article-title":"Development and validation of a scoring system for the identification of pleural exudates of cardiac origin","volume":"50","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.11.008","article-title":"Measurement of pro-brain natriuretic peptide in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of pleural effusions due to heart failure","volume":"116","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0270","article-title":"Biomarkers of heart failure in pleural fluid","volume":"136","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0134376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134376","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of natriuretic peptides for heart failure in patients with pleural effusion: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Z J Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14255","article-title":"ACC\/AHA\/HFSA 2022 and ESC 2021 guidelines on heart failure comparison","author":"A H Behnoush","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.12.011","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"79","author":"P A Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2019.11.013","article-title":"Continuous infusion versus intermittent boluses of furosemide in acute heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"J SK Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac689","article-title":"Combining loop with thiazide diuretics for decompensated heart failure: the CLOROTIC trial","volume":"44","author":"J C Trulls","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203094","article-title":"Acetazolamide in acute decompensated heart failure with volume overload","volume":"387","author":"W Mullens","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref39","first-page":"161","article-title":"A descriptive study of transthyretin amyloidosis in a tertiary hospital without a referral unit","volume":"222","author":"E Bueno Juana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp (Barc)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2776","article-title":"Prevalence, characteristics and outcomes of older patients with hereditary versus wild-type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy","volume":"25","author":"A Porcari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.10.057","article-title":"Current understanding of systemic amyloidosis and underlying disease mechanisms","volume":"185","author":"M M Picken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101487","article-title":"Therapy of ATTR cardiac amyloidosis: current indications","volume":"48","author":"D Di Lisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/00015385.2019.1591677","article-title":"Lung ultrasound-guided therapeutic thoracentesis in refractory congestive heart failure","volume":"75","author":"A Lazarevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.04.036","article-title":"Safety of thoracentesis and tube thoracostomy in patients with uncorrected coagulopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"160","author":"C Fong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.10.052","article-title":"Management of benign pleural effusions using indwelling pleural catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"M Patil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000926","article-title":"Indwelling pleural catheters for benign pleural effusions: a concise review","volume":"29","author":"A Matta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000632","article-title":"Predictors of indwelling pleural catheter removal and infection: a single-center experience with 336 procedures","volume":"27","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13430","article-title":"Incidence of complications from indwelling pleural catheter for pleural effusion: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101362","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01362-2021","article-title":"Randomised trial of indwelling pleural catheters for refractory transudative pleural effusions","volume":"59","author":"S P Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101942","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01942-2021","article-title":"Management of recurrent transudative pleural effusions: can we REDUCE unnecessary interventions?","volume":"59","author":"C R Gilbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2022","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0910","article-title":"Recent epidemiological trends in extrapulmonary TB in Galicia, Spain","volume":"25","author":"L Ferreiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-022-04524-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in central Guangxi from 2016 to 2021","volume":"42","author":"L Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-009-9165-3","article-title":"Tuberculous pleural effusion","volume":"187","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lung"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2018.11.006","article-title":"Tuberculous pleural effusion: clinical characteristics of 320 patients","volume":"55","author":"S Bielsa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02150-4","article-title":"Characteristics of pleural effusion with a high adenosine deaminase level: a case-control study","volume":"22","author":"M Shimoda","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.03.001","article-title":"A decision tree for differentiating tuberculous from malignant pleural effusions","volume":"102","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0196","article-title":"Pulmonary changes of pleural TB: up-to-date CT imaging","volume":"146","author":"J M Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01794.x","article-title":"Pearls and myths in pleural fluid analysis","volume":"16","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753466618808660","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466618808660","article-title":"Biomarkers in the diagnosis of pleural diseases: a 2018 update","volume":"12","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0236","article-title":"Comparison of polymorphonuclear- and lymphocyte-rich tuberculous pleural effusions","volume":"17","author":"S Bielsa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref62","volume-title":"Manual for selection of molecular WHO-recommended rapid diagnostic tests for detection of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0268483","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268483","article-title":"Xpert MTB\/RIF Ultra versus Xpert MTB\/RIF for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion: a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"A N Aggarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00065","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00065-2019","article-title":"Comparison between the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB\/Rif assay and culture for pleural tuberculosis using tissue biopsy","volume":"5","author":"N Akhter","year":"2019","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05578-3","article-title":"Performance of Xpert MTB\/RIF in diagnosing tuberculous pleuritis using thoracoscopic pleural biopsy","volume":"20","author":"C Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.05.023","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of Xpert MTB\/RIF on contrast-enhanced ultrasound-guided pleural biopsy specimens for pleural tuberculosis","volume":"108","author":"W Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rce.2020.04.010","article-title":"FluoroType MTB in pleural fluid for diagnosing tuberculosis","volume":"221","author":"S Bielsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp (Barc)"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.07.23","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis","volume":"4","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0213728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213728","article-title":"Adenosine deaminase for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"A N Aggarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11460-w","article-title":"Investigating the appropriate adenosine deaminase cutoff value for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion in a country with decreasing TB burden","volume":"12","author":"H W Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.03.011","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of adenosine deaminase activity in pleural fluid: a single-center experience with over 2100 consecutive patients","volume":"21","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01219-2","article-title":"Influence of age on the diagnostic accuracy of soluble biomarkers for tuberculous pleural effusion: a post hoc analysis","volume":"20","author":"C G Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2018.11.007","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase for diagnosing tuberculosis. meta-analysis of Spanish studies","volume":"55","author":"R M Palma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7078652","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7078652","article-title":"The value of adenosine deaminase 2 in the detection of tuberculous pleural effusion: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"2022","author":"T Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02112","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02112-20","article-title":"Unstimulated pleural fluid interferon gamma for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"A N Aggarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0253525","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253525","article-title":"Comparative accuracy of pleural fluid unstimulated interferon-gamma and adenosine deaminase for diagnosing pleural tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"A N Aggarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.08.007","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of pleural fluid T-SPOT and interferon-gamma for tuberculous pleurisy: a two-center prospective cohort study in China","volume":"99","author":"Y Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13659","article-title":"The value of single or combined use of pleural fluid interferon gamma release assay in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy","volume":"26","author":"X Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2020.101941","article-title":"Diagnostic value of pleural fluid T-SPOT for tuberculous pleurisy: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Y Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02653-15","article-title":"Pleural fluid and tuberculosis: are all interferon gamma release assays equal?","volume":"54","author":"R W Hofland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.156019","article-title":"Pleural fluid interleukins for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"159","author":"A N Aggarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa215","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of interleukin-27 in tuberculous pleurisy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/731352","article-title":"Role of blind closed pleural biopsy in the managment of pleural exudates","volume":"20","author":"M F Pereyra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.05.94","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided pleural cutting needle biopsy: accuracy and factors influencing diagnostic yield","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.03.47","article-title":"The diagnostic yield of closed needle pleural biopsy in exudative pleural effusion: a retrospective 10-year study","volume":"8","author":"T Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2018.v109i1.13400","article-title":"Histopathological diagnoses on pleural biopsy specimens over a 15-year period at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa: a retrospective review","volume":"109","author":"J R Edgar","year":"2018","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0892","article-title":"Can tuberculous pleural effusions be diagnosed by pleural fluid analysis alone?","volume":"17","author":"S A Sahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e10","article-title":"Etiological distribution and morphological patterns of granulomatous pleurisy in a tuberculosis-prevalent country","volume":"36","author":"J Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref89","first-page":"e2021048","article-title":"Diagnosis distribution in cases with granulomatous inflammation in lung, pleura, and lymph node biopsies: an experience from a tertiary level single center chest diseases and thoracic surgery hospital","volume":"38","author":"S Aydogan Eroglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.08.002","article-title":"Pleural tuberculosis","volume":"42","author":"J A Shaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.22.0228","article-title":"Clinical standards for drug-susceptible pulmonary TB","volume":"26","author":"O W Akkerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.22246","article-title":"Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2022 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA panel","volume":"329","author":"R T Gandhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref93","volume-title":"La tuberculosi a Catalunya l'any 2020","author":"J Mendioroz","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref94","volume-title":"WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 4: treatment - drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rce.2017.03.008","article-title":"Persistent benign pleural effusion","volume":"217","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp (Barc)"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1157\/13073569","article-title":"Secuelas del derrame pleural tuberculoso","volume":"124","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Cl\u00edn (Barc)"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.110197","article-title":"Sonographic septation: a predictor of sequelae of tuberculous pleurisy after treatment","volume":"64","author":"Y F Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.2.149","article-title":"Pigtail drainage in the treatment of tuberculous pleural effusions: a randomised study","volume":"58","author":"Y F Lai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.102176","article-title":"Role of therapeutic thoracentesis in tuberculous pleural effusion","volume":"7","author":"S Bhuniya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref100","first-page":"CD001876","article-title":"Corticosteroids for tuberculous pleurisy","volume":"3","author":"H Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"47","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83315","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18160","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of adjunctive corticosteroids in the treatment of tuberculous pleurisy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"S Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2013.06.017","article-title":"Hidrot\u00f3rax de causa hep\u00e1tica: an\u00e1lisis de 77 pacientes","volume":"141","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Cl\u00edn (Barc)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02412-9","article-title":"Analysis of clinical features and prognostic factors in patients with hepatic hydrothorax: a single-center study from China","volume":"22","author":"B Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.07.006","article-title":"Pleural effusions identified by point-of-care ultrasound predict poor outcomes in decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"47","author":"E J Rend\u00f3n-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14200","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in difficult-to-manage hydrothorax in cirrhosis","volume":"39","author":"A Jindal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1189-2937","article-title":"Application of contrast-enhanced ultrasound to detect hepatic hydrothorax in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"43","author":"V T M\u00fccke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321790","article-title":"Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis","volume":"70","author":"G P Aithal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000058","article-title":"Management of refractory hepatic hydrothorax","volume":"20","author":"J M Porcel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.12.005","article-title":"Beta-blockers in the era of precision medicine in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"78","author":"A Albillos","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref110","first-page":"534","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and management of portal hypertension in cirrhosis according to the Baveno VII Consensus Conference recommendations","volume":"114","author":"L T\u00e9llez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31513","article-title":"Letter to the editor: midodrine for hepatic hydrothorax","volume":"73","author":"A V Kulkarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1159\/000490001","article-title":"Repeat thoracentesis in hepatic hydrothorax and non-hepatic hydrothorax effusions: a case-control study","volume":"96","author":"S Shojaee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5872068","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5872068","article-title":"The outcome of thoracentesis versus chest tube placement for hepatic hydrothorax in patients with cirrhosis: a nationwide analysis of the national inpatient sample","volume":"2017","author":"A Ridha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4463-8","article-title":"Mortality following catheter drainage versus thoracentesis in cirrhotic patients with pleural effusion","volume":"62","author":"T H Hung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09357-3","article-title":"Hepatic hydrothorax does not increase the risk of death after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhosis patients","volume":"33","author":"X Gou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.07.018","article-title":"North American practice-based recommendations for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in portal hypertension","volume":"20","author":"J R Boike","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i13.1797","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt for medically refractory hepatic hydrothorax: a systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"I C Ditah","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.12.007","article-title":"Current treatment options of refractory ascites in liver cirrhosis - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"V Will","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.08.043","article-title":"Pleural interventions in the management of hepatic hydrothorax","volume":"161","author":"C R Gilbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000823","article-title":"Indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) for the management of hepatic hydrothorax: the known and the unknown","volume":"29","author":"A Avula","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4260-9","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of pleurodesis for hepatic hydrothorax: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"F Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.11.023","article-title":"Thoracoscopic mesh repair of diaphragmatic defects in hepatic hydrothorax: a 10-year experience","volume":"101","author":"P M Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.SJG_336_17","article-title":"The long-term outcomes of cirrhotic patients with pleural effusion","volume":"24","author":"T H Hung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2022.2064274","article-title":"Spontaneous bacterial empyema: a tertiary care center experience and a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"K T Osman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.02.007","article-title":"Early thoracentesis correlated with survival benefit in patients with spontaneous bacterial empyema","volume":"54","author":"H AH Albitar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v12.i5.239","article-title":"Systemic review and network meta-analysis: Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"12","author":"N Faust","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.08.010","article-title":"Rifaximin vs. norfloxacin for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"D L Praharaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201601-082OC","article-title":"Unilateral pleural effusions with more than one apparent etiology. a prospective observational study","volume":"13","author":"O J Bintcliffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716883","article-title":"Outpatient talc administration by indwelling pleural catheter for malignant effusion","volume":"378","author":"R Bhatnagar","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14451","article-title":"Device assessed activity behaviours in patients with indwelling pleural catheter: a sub-study of the Australasian Malignant PLeural Effusion (AMPLE)-2 randomized trial","author":"C J Peddle-McIntyre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respirology"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0043-1769096.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T23:55:28Z","timestamp":1689033328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-1769096"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1769096","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-3424","1098-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-3424","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}