{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:42:58Z","timestamp":1792410178795,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>For decades, there has been scanty evidence, most of which is of poor quality, to guide clinicians in the assessment and management of pneumothorax. A recent surge in pneumothorax research has begun to address controversies surrounding the topic and change the face of pneumothorax management. In this article, we review controversies concerning the etiology, pathogenesis, and classification of pneumothorax, and discuss recent advances in its management, including conservative and ambulatory management. We review the evidence base for the challenges of managing pneumothorax, including persistent air leak, and suggest new directions for future research that can help provide patient-centered, evidence-based management for this challenging cohort of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1769615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T22:48:35Z","timestamp":1686869315000},"page":"426-436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Expert Review on Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Advances, Controversies, and New Directions"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Eleanor C.","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol National Health Service Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick A.","family":"Maskell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol National Health Service Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol National Health Service Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1159\/000072911","article-title":"Pathogenesis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: an overview","volume":"70","author":"M Noppen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.2.433","article-title":"Nonsmoking, non-alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency-induced emphysema in nonsmokers with healed spontaneous pneumothorax, identified by computed tomography of the lungs","volume":"103","author":"L Bense","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.01968.x","article-title":"Pleural controversy: aetiology of pneumothorax","volume":"16","author":"D Haynes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2005.10.025","article-title":"Videothoracoscopic talc poudrage in primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a single-institution experience in 861 cases","volume":"131","author":"G Cardillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800864","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00864-2018","article-title":"Recurrence rates in primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"S P Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref6","first-page":"771","article-title":"Pathogenesis of spontaneous pneumothorax. 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