{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T08:15:00Z","timestamp":1775808900387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Thromb Hemost"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Platelets are central elements of hemostasis and also play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis in coronavirus disease 2019. This study was planned to investigate the effects of different severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recombinant spike protein variants on platelet morphology and activation. Citrated whole blood collected from ostensibly healthy subjects was challenged with saline (control sample) and with 2 and 20\u2009ng\/mL final concentration of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein of Ancestral, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants. Platelet count was found to be decreased with all SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein variants and concentrations tested, achieving the lowest values with 20\u2009ng\/mL Delta recombinant spike protein. The mean platelet volume increased in all samples irrespective of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein variants and concentrations tested, but especially using Delta and Alpha recombinant spike proteins. The values of both platelet function analyzer-200 collagen-adenosine diphosphate and collagen-epinephrine increased in all samples irrespective of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein variants and concentrations tested, and thus reflecting platelet exhaustion, and displaying again higher increases with Delta and Alpha recombinant spike proteins. Most samples where SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike proteins were added were flagged as containing platelet clumps. Morphological analysis revealed the presence of a considerable number of activated platelets, platelet clumps, platelet-monocyte, and platelet-neutrophils aggregates, especially in samples spiked with Alpha and Delta recombinant spike proteins at 20\u2009ng\/mL. These results provide support to the evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of activating platelets through its spike protein, though such effect varies depending on different spike protein variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1769939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T23:07:22Z","timestamp":1686956842000},"page":"275-283","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variants on Platelet Morphology and Activation"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Vettori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Carpen\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gian Luca","family":"Salvagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Gelati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Dima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Celegon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, 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