{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:26:57Z","timestamp":1789050417936,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aerobic, or endurance, exercise is an energy requiring process supported primarily by energy from oxidative adenosine triphosphate synthesis. The consumption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide in muscle cells are dynamically linked to oxygen uptake (V\u0307O2) and carbon dioxide output (V\u0307CO2) at the lung by integrated functions of cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematologic, and neurohumoral systems. Maximum oxygen uptake (V\u0307O2max) is the standard expression of aerobic capacity and a predictor of outcomes in diverse populations. While commonly limited in young fit individuals by the capacity to deliver oxygen to exercising muscle, (V\u0307O2max) may become limited by impairment within any of the multiple systems supporting cellular or atmospheric gas exchange. In the range of available power outputs, endurance exercise can be partitioned into different intensity domains representing distinct metabolic profiles and tolerances for sustained activity. Estimates of both V\u0307O2max and the lactate threshold, which marks the upper limit of moderate-intensity exercise, can be determined from measures of gas exchange from respired breath during whole-body exercise. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) includes measurement of V\u0307O2 and V\u0307CO2 along with heart rate and other variables reflecting cardiac and pulmonary responses to exercise. Clinical CPET is conducted for persons with known medical conditions to quantify impairment, contribute to prognostic assessments, and help discriminate among proximal causes of symptoms or limitations for an individual. CPET is also conducted in persons without known disease as part of the diagnostic evaluation of unexplained symptoms. Although CPET quantifies a limited sample of the complex functions and interactions underlying exercise performance, both its specific and global findings are uniquely valuable. Some specific findings can aid in individualized diagnosis and treatment decisions. At the same time, CPET provides a holistic summary of an individual's exercise function, including effects not only of the primary diagnosis, but also of secondary and coexisting conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1770362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T23:08:47Z","timestamp":1689030527000},"page":"661-680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Exercise Physiology and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Kathy E.","family":"Sietsema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry B.","family":"Rossiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrance, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"217","volume-title":"The coupling of internal and external gas exchange during exercise","author":"T S Bowen","year":"2018"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0029(20000915)50:6<500::AID-JEMT7>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Myosin isoforms, muscle fiber types, and transitions","volume":"50","author":"D Pette","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.3.1067","article-title":"Effects of training on muscle O2 transport at VO2max","volume":"73","author":"J 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