{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:22:35Z","timestamp":1702945355996},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastroparesis syndromes (GpS) are a spectrum of disorders presenting with characteristic symptoms increasingly recognized as being gastrointestinal (GI) neuromuscular disorders (NMDs). This review focuses on GpS as a manifestation of neurologic disorders of GI NMD. GpS can be associated with systemic abnormalities, including inflammatory, metabolic, and serologic disorders, as well as autoimmune antibodies via nerve and muscle targets in the GI tract, which can be treated with immunotherapy, such as intravenous immunoglobulin. GpS are associated with autonomic (ANS) and enteric (ENS) dysfunction. Disorders of ANS may interact with the ENS and are the subject of continued investigation. ENS disorders have been recognized for a century but have only recently begun to be fully quantified. Anatomic structural changes in the GI tract are increasingly recognized in GpS. Detailed descriptions of anatomic changes in GpS, and their correlation with physiologic findings, have opened a new era of investigation. The management of GpS, when viewed as GI NMD, has shifted the paradigms of both diagnosis and treatment. This article concludes with current approaches to GpS directed at underlying neuromuscular pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1771469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T23:02:55Z","timestamp":1691708575000},"page":"540-552","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastroparesis and Gastroparesis Syndromes as Neuromuscular Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Le Yu","family":"Naing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prateek","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garvit","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Stocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas L.","family":"Abell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06259-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology of gastroparesis syndromes includes anatomic and physiologic abnormalities","volume":"66","author":"T L Abell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.01.230","article-title":"Functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis in tertiary care are interchangeable syndromes with common clinical and pathologic features","volume":"160","author":"P J Pasricha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001874","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: gastroparesis","volume":"117","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00032","article-title":"Islet cell associated autoantibodies and C-peptide levels in patients with diabetes and symptoms of gastroparesis","volume":"9","author":"E S Siraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.04.009","article-title":"Serologic profiles aiding the diagnosis of autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility","volume":"6","author":"R Dhamija","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198566342.003.0019","volume-title":"Nausea, vomiting, and the autonomic nervous system","author":"P LR Andrews","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S-709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(11)62943-0","article-title":"Characterization of the inflammatory response in idiopathic gastroparesis reveals a role for macrophage derived factors","volume":"5","author":"P J Pasricha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","first-page":"e4216","article-title":"Occult non-small cell lung cancer presenting as paraneoplastic gastroparesis: a case report and literature review","volume":"11","author":"M A Baig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2008.02.005","article-title":"Enteric autoantibodies and gut motility disorders","volume":"37","author":"P Kashyap","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14270","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14270","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical correlates of antinuclear antibody in patients with gastroparesis","volume":"34","author":"H P Parkman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-2128-z","article-title":"Detecting gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with systemic sclerosis using anti-gAChR antibodies","volume":"22","author":"S Nakane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Neuro-gastroenterology: enteric nervous system","author":"Y Fujikawa","year":"2018"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/25785826.2020.1797319","article-title":"Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility: the interface between clinical immunology and neurogastroenterology","volume":"44","author":"S Nakane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.04.007","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis: gastrointestinal disease and its management","volume":"41","author":"G Gyger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001655","article-title":"Baseline characteristics and predictive factors of intravenous immunoglobulin response in drug and device refractory gastroparesis symptoms","volume":"57","author":"K Gala","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X11415892","article-title":"Targeting ion channels for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders","volume":"5","author":"A Beyder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G897","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00481.2020","article-title":"Mechanotransduction in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells: role of mechanosensitive ion channels","volume":"320","author":"V Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.01.027","article-title":"A case of seropositive autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy with diffuse esophageal spasm","volume":"39","author":"N Morimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2012.01924.x","article-title":"Voltage-gated potassium channel (K(v) 1) autoantibodies in patients with chagasic gut dysmotility and distribution of K(v) 1 channels in human enteric neuromusculature (autoantibodies in GI dysmotility)","volume":"24","author":"A W Hubball","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S-388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(22)60925-9","article-title":"Sa1477: Role of intravenous immunoglobulin in treatment of drug refractory gastroparesis","volume":"162","author":"G Chhabra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI143771","article-title":"Gastrointestinal motility disorders in neurologic disease","volume":"131","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.12.042","article-title":"Profound gastroparesis after bilateral posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory infarcts","volume":"114","author":"J M Liff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14326","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14326","article-title":"Gastrointestinal motility disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis: a single-center study","volume":"34","author":"L Khanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-7-3","article-title":"Gastroparesis secondary to a demyelinating disease: a case series","volume":"7","author":"S C Reddymasu","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1203","article-title":"Gastric emptying time and gastric motility in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"R Hardoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34374","article-title":"Delayed gastric emptying determined using the 13C-octanoic acid breath test in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"I Marie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s40674-014-0005-0","article-title":"Management of gastrointestinal involvement in scleroderma","volume":"1","author":"V Nagaraja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Treatm Opt Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Nausea and vomiting related to the central nervous system diseases","author":"B Kuo","year":"2017"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1159\/000489297","article-title":"Gastroparesis in a patient with gastric AL amyloidosis","volume":"12","author":"M Hoscheit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.05.014","article-title":"Opioids in gastroenterology: treating adverse effects and creating therapeutic benefits","volume":"15","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2220","article-title":"Effects of intravenous glucagon-like peptide-1 on gastric emptying and intragastric distribution in healthy subjects: relationships with postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses","volume":"91","author":"T J Little","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1503","article-title":"Endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 slows gastric emptying in healthy subjects, attenuating postprandial glycemia","volume":"95","author":"A M Deane","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00311.x","article-title":"Gastric stasis in migraine: more than just a paroxysmal abnormality during a migraine attack","volume":"46","author":"S K Aurora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00922.x","article-title":"Gastric stasis occurs in spontaneous, visually induced, and interictal migraine","volume":"47","author":"S Aurora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02741.x","article-title":"Changes in liquid emptying in migraine patients: diagnosed with liquid phase gastric emptying scintigraphy","volume":"42","author":"H Yalcin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2012.18.4.412","article-title":"Gastric emptying in migraine: a comparison with functional dyspepsia","volume":"18","author":"Y H Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1984.tb05001.x","article-title":"Effects of migraine attack and metoclopramide on the absorption of tolfenamic acid","volume":"17","author":"R A Tokola","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref39","first-page":"19","article-title":"Association between gastrointestinal diseases and migraine","volume":"19","author":"J Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14099","article-title":"A link between gastrointestinal disorders and migraine: insights into the gut-brain connection","volume":"61","author":"S K Aurora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520802085411","article-title":"Patients with cyclic vomiting pattern and diabetic gastropathy have more migraines, abnormal electrogastrograms, and gastric emptying","volume":"43","author":"C J Christensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"36","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8149","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i36.8149","article-title":"Gastrointestinal disorders associated with migraine: a comprehensive review","volume":"22","author":"C R C\u00e1mara-Lemarroy","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201332","article-title":"Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide on the gastrointestinal symptoms of migraine-clinical considerations: a narrative review","volume":"99","author":"J Ailani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12112","article-title":"Migraine and gastroparesis from a gastroenterologist's perspective","volume":"53","author":"H P Parkman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412473371","article-title":"Gastric stasis in migraineurs: etiology, characteristics, and clinical and therapeutic implications","volume":"33","author":"S K Aurora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14740\/gr667w","article-title":"Autonomic evaluation of patients with gastroparesis and neurostimulation: comparisons of direct\/systemic and indirect\/cardiac measures","volume":"9","author":"A Stocker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"Nausea and vomiting related to autonomic nervous system disorders","author":"T L Abell","year":"2017"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13810","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13810","article-title":"Autonomic function in gastroparesis and chronic unexplained nausea and vomiting: relationship with etiology, gastric emptying, and symptom severity","volume":"32","author":"L Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-020-02300-y","article-title":"Autonomic and enteric function profiling can predict disordered gastric emptying in diabetic gastropathy","volume":"59","author":"H Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199403000-00009","article-title":"Diabetic gastroparesis is associated with an abnormality in sympathetic innervation","volume":"6","author":"T Abell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2005.04025.x","article-title":"Comparison between coefficient of R-R interval variation and gastric emptying in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"20","author":"H Asakawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.14740\/gr713w","article-title":"Measures of autonomic dysfunction in diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis","volume":"9","author":"M K Mohammad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2021.12.008","article-title":"Low-resolution electrogastrogram at baseline and response to temporary gastric electrical stimulation - a comparison of cutaneous with mucosal recordings","volume":"25","author":"A Shine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.02.07.22270514","article-title":"Gastric dysfunction in patients with chronic nausea and vomiting syndromes defined by a novel non-invasive gastric mapping device","author":"A A Gharibans","year":"2022","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002077","article-title":"Normative values for body surface gastric mapping evaluations of gastric motility using gastric alimetry: spectral analysis","volume":"118","author":"C Varghese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13534","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13534","article-title":"Gastroparesis syndromes: response to electrical stimulation","volume":"31","author":"T L Abell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00946.x","article-title":"Rapid gastric emptying is more common than gastroparesis in patients with autonomic dysfunction","volume":"102","author":"A Lawal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.634949","article-title":"Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy","volume":"115","author":"A I Vinik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1615","article-title":"Prediction of mortality using measures of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the diabetic and nondiabetic population: the MONICA\/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study","volume":"31","author":"D Ziegler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14031","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14031","article-title":"Mechanisms and management of gastrointestinal symptoms in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Y Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3992718","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3992718","article-title":"Sociodemographic factors, nutritional status, and inflammatory markers in patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome","volume":"2023","author":"H Tufvesson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102059","article-title":"The potential for gut organoid derived interstitial cells of Cajal in replacement therapy","volume":"18","author":"J Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.06023","article-title":"Interstitial cells of Cajal are involved in neurotransmission in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"39","author":"S Iino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Histochem Cytochem"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-1071-2","article-title":"Gastric neuromuscular pathology in gastroparesis: analysis of full-thickness antral biopsies","volume":"55","author":"J Harberson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01365.x","article-title":"Association of the status of interstitial cells of Cajal and electrogastrogram parameters, gastric emptying and symptoms in patients with gastroparesis","volume":"22","author":"Z Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"46","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10131","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i46.10131","article-title":"Characterization of smooth muscle, enteric nerve, interstitial cells of Cajal, and fibroblast-like cells in the gastric musculature of patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"22","author":"K S Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13018","article-title":"Diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis is associated with loss of CD206-positive macrophages in the gastric antrum","volume":"29","author":"M Grover","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/373347a0","article-title":"W\/kit gene required for interstitial cells of Cajal and for intestinal pacemaker activity","volume":"373","author":"J D Huizinga","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70560-3","article-title":"Blockade of kit signaling induces transdifferentiation of interstitial cells of Cajal to a smooth muscle phenotype","volume":"117","author":"S Torihashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00349","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000349","article-title":"Gastric mucosal immune profiling and dysregulation in idiopathic gastroparesis","volume":"12","author":"A Gottfried-Blackmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.022","article-title":"Progress in gastroparesis - a narrative review of the work of the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium","volume":"20","author":"P J Pasricha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.046","article-title":"Cellular changes in diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis","volume":"140","author":"M Grover","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481307900519","article-title":"Gastric electrical stimulation for abdominal pain in patients with symptoms of gastroparesis","volume":"79","author":"C J Lahr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001025","article-title":"Cajal cell counts are important predictors of outcomes in drug refractory gastroparesis patients with neurostimulation","volume":"53","author":"E Omer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001485","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting in 2021: a comprehensive update","volume":"55","author":"M Heckroth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2023.2186222","article-title":"Gastroparesis syndromes: emerging drug targets and potential therapeutic opportunities","volume":"32","author":"L Y Naing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0043-1771469.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T21:48:37Z","timestamp":1702936117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-1771469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1771469","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-8235","1098-9021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-8235","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}}}