{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T16:52:52Z","timestamp":1745859172652},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic neck and back pain are two of the most common and disabling complaints seen in primary care and neurology practices. Most commonly these come in the form of cervical and lumbar radiculopathy, lumbar spinal stenosis, and cervical and lumbar facet arthropathy. Treatment options are widespread and include nonpharmacological, pharmacological, surgical, and interventional options. The focus of this review will be to discuss the most common interventional procedures performed for chronic cervical and lumbar back pain, common indications for performing these interventions, as well as associated benefits and risks. These interventions alone may not suffice to improve the quality of life in those suffering from chronic pain. However, an understanding of the interventional pain options available and the evidence behind performing these interventions can help providers incorporate these into a multimodal approach to provide effective pain management that may allow patients an improved quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1771513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T22:57:17Z","timestamp":1691449037000},"page":"419-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Percutaneous Spinal Interventions for Chronic Pain Management"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunali","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"S 06","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5432-9","article-title":"The Global Spine Care Initiative: a summary of the global burden of low back and neck pain studies","volume":"27","author":"E L Hurwitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.10.005","article-title":"A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally","volume":"8","author":"S Dagenais","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5742-6","article-title":"Cost of low back pain: results from a national register study in Sweden","volume":"27","author":"G Olafsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31819c0a6b","article-title":"Effectiveness of physical therapy and epidural steroid injections in lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"34","author":"Z Koc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h1748","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1748","article-title":"Epidural steroid injections compared with gabapentin for lumbosacral radicular pain: multicenter randomized double blind comparative efficacy study","volume":"350","author":"S P Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2006.09.016","article-title":"Caudal epidural injection versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of low back pain accompanied with radicular pain","volume":"74","author":"U Dincer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000409","article-title":"Epidural steroid injections, conservative treatment, or combination treatment for cervical radicular pain: a multicenter, randomized, comparative-effectiveness study","volume":"121","author":"S P Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912658","article-title":"Surgery versus conservative care for persistent sciatica lasting 4 to 12 months","volume":"382","author":"C S Bailey","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2022.07.002","article-title":"Back pain: differential diagnosis and management","volume":"41","author":"D Gibbs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2019.07.004","article-title":"Conventional image-guided procedures for painful spine","volume":"29","author":"M E Peckham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"9217145","article-title":"Caudal epidural block: an updated review of anatomy and techniques","volume":"2017","author":"S C Kao","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref12","first-page":"161","article-title":"Comparison of caudal versus transforaminal epidural steroid injection in post lumbar surgery syndrome after single-level discectomy: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"25","author":"A E Celenlioglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2011\/14\/499","article-title":"Interlaminar versus transforaminal epidural steroids for the treatment of subacute lumbar radicular pain: a randomized, blinded, prospective outcome study","volume":"14","author":"C G Gharibo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3996-9","article-title":"Outcome of single level disc prolapse treated with transforaminal steroid versus epidural steroid versus caudal steroids","volume":"25","author":"P C Kamble","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000260307.16555.7f","article-title":"The efficacy of lumbar epidural steroid injections in patients with lumbar disc herniations","volume":"104","author":"W E Ackerman III","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.561","article-title":"Transforaminal versus lateral parasagittal versus midline interlaminar lumbar epidural steroid injection for management of unilateral radicular lumbar pain: a randomized double-blind trial","volume":"22","author":"J K Makkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/277","article-title":"Transforaminal versus parasagittal interlaminar epidural steroid injection in low back pain with radicular pain: a randomized, double-blind, active-control trial","volume":"17","author":"B Ghai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/131","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of complications of 10,000 fluoroscopically directed epidural injections","volume":"15","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Epidural interventions in the management of chronic spinal pain: American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) comprehensive evidence-based guidelines","volume":"24","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E691","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/E691","article-title":"Lumbar interlaminar epidural injections are superior to caudal epidural injections in managing lumbar central spinal stenosis","volume":"17","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E61","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/E61","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, active-control trial of the effectiveness of lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in disc herniation","volume":"17","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E489","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/E489","article-title":"Transforaminal epidural injections in chronic lumbar disc herniation: a randomized, double-blind, active-control trial","volume":"17","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/273","article-title":"Effect of fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural steroid or local anesthetic injections in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation and radiculitis: a randomized, controlled, double blind trial with a two-year follow-up","volume":"15","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12023","article-title":"The role of fluoroscopic interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic pain of lumbar disc herniation or radiculitis: a randomized, double-blind trial","volume":"13","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2015.18.79","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in central spinal stenosis: 2-year follow-up","volume":"18","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/371","article-title":"Results of 2-year follow-up of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in central spinal stenosis","volume":"15","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref27","first-page":"E491","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial of fluoroscopic lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in chronic axial or discogenic low back pain: results of 2-year follow-up","volume":"16","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.4672","article-title":"Fluoroscopic caudal epidural injections in managing post lumbar surgery syndrome: two-year results of a randomized, double-blind, active-control trial","volume":"9","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313265","article-title":"A randomized trial of epidural glucocorticoid injections for spinal stenosis","volume":"371","author":"J L Friedly","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199806000-00010","article-title":"Symptoms of spinal stenosis do not improve after epidural steroid injection","volume":"14","author":"M Fukusaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567010-00009","article-title":"The use of epidural steroids in the treatment of lumbar radicular pain. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study","volume":"67","author":"J M Cuckler","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.7.639","article-title":"Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: a randomised, double blind, controlled clinical trial","volume":"62","author":"J P Valat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei028","article-title":"A multicentre randomized controlled trial of epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: the WEST study","volume":"44","author":"N K Arden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5278","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5278","article-title":"Effect of caudal epidural steroid or saline injection in chronic lumbar radiculopathy: multicentre, blinded, randomised controlled trial","volume":"343","author":"T Iversen","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706053362303","article-title":"Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica due to herniated nucleus pulposus","volume":"336","author":"S Carette","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2015\/18\/237","article-title":"Effectiveness of parasagittal interlaminar epidural local anesthetic with or without steroid in chronic lumbosacral pain: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"B Ghai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.08.024","article-title":"The efficacy of interlaminar epidural steroid administration in multilevel intervertebral disc disease with chronic low back pain: a randomized, blinded, prospective study","volume":"17","author":"K \u00d6kmen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00908.x","article-title":"The efficacy of transforaminal injection of steroids for the treatment of lumbar radicular pain","volume":"11","author":"A Ghahreman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200201010-00005","article-title":"Transforaminal epidural steroid injections in lumbosacral radiculopathy: a prospective randomized study","volume":"27","author":"V B Vad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00341","article-title":"The impact of epidural steroid injections on the outcomes of patients treated for lumbar disc herniation: a subgroup analysis of the SPORT trial","volume":"94","author":"K Radcliff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta25240","article-title":"Microdiscectomy compared with transforaminal epidural steroid injection for persistent radicular pain caused by prolapsed intervertebral disc: the NERVES RCT","volume":"25","author":"M J Wilby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E46","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31821fd21f","article-title":"Effects of epidural steroid injections on blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"37","author":"J L Even","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.1.68","article-title":"Glucocorticoid epidural for sciatica: metabolic and endocrine sequelae","volume":"41","author":"A Ward","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2013.07.002","article-title":"The effect of epidural methylprednisolone acetate injection on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"25","author":"G Habib","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"S283","article-title":"Relationship between epidural steroid dose and suppression of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"23","author":"S E Sim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref46","first-page":"425","article-title":"Infection control practices (safe injection and medication vial utilization) for interventional techniques: are they based on relative risk management or evidence?","volume":"14","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200703000-00024","article-title":"Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint pain","volume":"106","author":"S P Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809010-00008","article-title":"The ability of lumbar medial branch blocks to anesthetize the zygapophysial joint. A physiologic challenge","volume":"23","author":"M Kaplan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.7.124","article-title":"Evaluation of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up","volume":"7","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200005150-00012","article-title":"Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"25","author":"P Dreyfuss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817329f0","article-title":"Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (Facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain: a randomized double-blind trial","volume":"33","author":"S Nath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181e33ae5","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized, comparative cost-effectiveness study comparing 0, 1, and 2 diagnostic medial branch (facet joint nerve) block treatment paradigms before lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation","volume":"113","author":"S P Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2007\/10\/291","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation of the lumbar zygapophysial joints: 10-year prospective clinical audit","volume":"10","author":"M Gofeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12000","article-title":"Lumbar medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy in New Zealand","volume":"14","author":"J MacVicar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7918","article-title":"Effect of radiofrequency denervation on pain intensity among patients with chronic low back pain: the mint randomized clinical trials","volume":"318","author":"J NS Juch","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000960","article-title":"Corticosteroid injections into lumbar facet joints: a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"D J Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182910c4d","article-title":"A comparison of intraarticular lumbar facet joint steroid injections and lumbar facet joint radiofrequency denervation in the treatment of low back pain: a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial","volume":"117","author":"S Lakemeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref58","first-page":"467","article-title":"Effectiveness of lumbar zygapophysial joint blockage for low back pain","volume":"21","author":"B Celik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref59","first-page":"200","article-title":"Comparison of effectiveness of facet joint injection and radiofrequency denervation in chronic low back pain","volume":"22","author":"E Civelek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E143","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E143","article-title":"Complications of fluoroscopically directed facet joint nerve blocks: a prospective evaluation of 7,500 episodes with 43,000 nerve blocks","volume":"15","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E251","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000284","article-title":"Cervical radiculopathy: epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"28","author":"B I Woods","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00162.x","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of cervical transforaminal injections with particulate and nonparticulate corticosteroid preparations for cervical radicular pain","volume":"7","author":"P Dreyfuss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0735-5","article-title":"Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection for the management of cervical radiculopathy: a comparative study of particulate versus non-particulate steroids","volume":"38","author":"J W Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2007.06.011","article-title":"Translaminar cervical epidural steroid injection: short-term results and factors influencing outcome","volume":"18","author":"W M Strub","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev342","article-title":"Comparison of contrast flow and clinical effectiveness between a modified paramedian interlaminar approach and transforaminal approach in cervical epidural steroid injection","volume":"115","author":"E Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.165","article-title":"A prospective comparison of CT-epidurogram between Th1-transforaminal epidural injection and Th1\/2-parasagittal interlaminar epidural injection for cervical upper limb pain","volume":"22","author":"K Hashizume","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-014-1866-x","article-title":"Fluoroscopic cervical paramidline interlaminar epidural steroid injections for cervical radiculopathy: effectiveness and outcome predictors","volume":"43","author":"J W Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1053\/tvir.2002.36426","article-title":"Image-guided epidural steroid injections","volume":"5","author":"A T Watanabe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tech Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12341","article-title":"Feasibility of contralateral oblique fluoroscopy-guided cervical interlaminar steroid injections","volume":"16","author":"C H Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318053ec50","article-title":"Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections: more dangerous than we think?","volume":"32","author":"G C Scanlon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(02)04862-1","article-title":"Complications of fluoroscopically guided interlaminar cervical epidural injections","volume":"84","author":"K P Botwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref72","first-page":"117","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of parasagittal interlaminar and transforaminal cervical epidural steroid injection in patients with cervical radicular pain: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"J H Sim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-013-0389-9","article-title":"Cervical radicular pain: the role of interlaminar and transforaminal epidural injections","volume":"18","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-006-0258-2","article-title":"Cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injection for neck pain and cervical radiculopathy: effect and prognostic factors","volume":"36","author":"J W Kwon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/465","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, active control trial of fluoroscopic cervical interlaminar epidural injections in chronic pain of cervical disc herniation: results of a 2-year follow-up","volume":"16","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx008","article-title":"Does pain reduction with oral steroids predict pain reduction after a first-time cervical epidural steroid injection in patients with cervical radicular pain? A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"D G Crovo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref77","first-page":"409","article-title":"The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and validity","volume":"14","author":"H Vernon","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-5-15","article-title":"Prevalence of facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions","volume":"5","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817b8f88","article-title":"Cervical medial branch blocks for chronic cervical facet joint pain: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with one-year follow-up","volume":"33","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E497","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2015\/18\/E497","article-title":"A best -evidence systematic appraisal of the diagnostic accuracy and utility of facet (zygapophysial) joint injections in chronic spinal pain","volume":"18","author":"M V Boswell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E535","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2015\/18\/E535","article-title":"A systematic review and best evidence synthesis of the effectiveness of therapeutic facet joint interventions in managing chronic spinal pain","volume":"18","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.07.009","article-title":"The validity of manual examination in assessing patients with neck pain","volume":"7","author":"W King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199712000-00003","article-title":"International Spinal Injection Society guidelines for the performance of spinal injection procedures. Part 1: zygapophysial joint blocks","volume":"13","author":"N Bogduk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199306000-00007","article-title":"False-positive rates of cervical zygapophysial joint blocks","volume":"9","author":"L Barnsley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199509000-00008","article-title":"The utility of comparative local anesthetic blocks versus placebo-controlled blocks for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"11","author":"S M Lord","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2010\/13\/437","article-title":"Comparative outcomes of a 2-year follow-up of cervical medial branch blocks in management of chronic neck pain: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E174","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318166f03d","article-title":"The incidence of intravascular penetration in medial branch blocks: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines","volume":"33","author":"P Verrills","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01351.x","article-title":"Cervical medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy in New Zealand","volume":"13","author":"J MacVicar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003799","article-title":"Efficacy and long-term effect of radiofrequency denervation in patients with clinically diagnosed cervical facet joint pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"M van Eerd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E842","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000337","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation for facet joint low back pain: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"A W Poetscher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref91","first-page":"517","article-title":"Dexamethasone effectively reduces the incidence of post-neurotomy neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"24","author":"A Shustorovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref92","first-page":"475","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation with or without addition of pentoxifylline or methylprednisolone for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"57","author":"J Dobrogowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00006","article-title":"The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire","volume":"25","author":"M Roland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.37.4.378","article-title":"Studies with pain rating scales","volume":"37","author":"W W Downie","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0043-1771513.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T23:03:13Z","timestamp":1692399793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-1771513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1771513","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-8235","1098-9021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-8235","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}}}