{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T05:35:07Z","timestamp":1781242507102,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003This article describes the development of the Myanmar Articulation, Resonation, Nasal Emission, and Nasal Turbulence test for children with cleft lip and palate (CLP), and evaluation of its validity and reliability.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003It was created by three Thai researchers and a Burmese research assistant based on Burmese phonology. The content validity was evaluated by six Burmese language experts. All test items were divided into three groups: high-pressure oral consonants, low-pressure oral consonants, and nasal consonants.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003All items (58-word and 32-phrase\/sentence) gave an excellent level of the expert agreement (item-level content validity indexes\u2009=\u20091.00). The target items were illustrated as color pictures. Each picture was clearly drawn and easy to identify. As a pilot study of face validity, all pictures were administered to 10 typical-developing children. The actual testing was assessed by 10 CLP children, and the developed test was analyzed through consultation of the Burmese teachers and interpreters from a speech camp. Testing scores for a total including three groups of target items were shown acceptable for internal consistency reliability (ranged from 0.4 to 0.88).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003The constructed test is valid in terms of its content.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1771522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T05:00:28Z","timestamp":1696568428000},"page":"468-477","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Myanmar Articulation, Resonation, Nasal Emission, and Nasal Turbulence Test: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0513-6666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalyanee","family":"Makarabhirom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-4980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamas","family":"Prathanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7248-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ampika","family":"Rattanapitak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Languages Department, Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1078","article-title":"Sources of variability in birth defects prevalence rates","volume":"64","author":"C A Hobbs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.5.731","article-title":"The surveillance of birth defects: the usefulness of the revised US standard birth certificate","volume":"86","author":"M L Watkins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"March of Dimes Global Report on Birth Defects: The Hidden Toll of Dying and Disabled Children","author":"A Christianson","year":"2006"},{"issue":"S 04","key":"ref4","first-page":"S71","article-title":"Speech, language, voice, resonance and hearing disorders in patients with cleft lip and palate","volume":"96","author":"B Prathanee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies: Effects on Speech and Resonance","author":"A W Kummer","year":"2008","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1075\/slcs.96","volume-title":"Aspect in Burmese: Meaning and function (Studies in Language Companion Series)","author":"N Romeo","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"The Structure of Nominalization in Burmese","author":"P M Hopple","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"San San Hnin Tun. Burmese: A Comprehensive Grammar","author":"M Jenny","year":"2016"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1179\/136132811805334902","article-title":"Thai speech parameters for patients with cleft palate in a universal reporting system","volume":"14","author":"B Prathanee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Speech Lang Hear"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Myanmar Articulation Test","author":"S Sriwanyong","year":"2015"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1597\/04-141.1","article-title":"The Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech-Augmented: a validated and reliable measure for auditing cleft speech","volume":"43","author":"A John","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1597\/02-136","article-title":"Methodology for perceptual assessment of speech in patients with cleft palate: a critical review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"A Lohmander","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"issue":"S 07","key":"ref13","first-page":"s140","article-title":"Speech therapy for children with cleft lip and palate using a community-based speech therapy model with speech assistants","volume":"98","author":"K Makarabhirom","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"S 06","key":"ref14","first-page":"S9","article-title":"Cleft speech type characteristics in patients with cleft lip\/palate in Lao PDR","volume":"100","author":"K Makarabhirom","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1597\/06-086.1","article-title":"Universal parameters for reporting speech outcomes in individuals with cleft palate","volume":"45","author":"G Henningsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Myanmar Language Textbook: Grades 1\u201310","author":"Education MMo","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Myanmar-English Dictionary","author":"Education DoMLoCMo","year":"2001"},{"issue":"S 05","key":"ref18","first-page":"S60","article-title":"Speech outcomes of Myanmar children with cleft lip and palate: Primary study","volume":"102","author":"B Prathanee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Measurement and the Measurement of Change: A Primer for the Health Professions","author":"D F Polit","year":"2016"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref20","first-page":"62","article-title":"French Phonology Test. 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