{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:27:38Z","timestamp":1793831258610,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of diseases affecting the left heart, mostly found in patients suffering from heart failure, with or without preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Initially driven by a passive increase in left atrial pressure (postcapillary PH), several mechanisms may lead in a subset of patient to significant structural changes of the pulmonary vessels or a precapillary component. In addition, the right ventricle may be independently affected, which results in right ventricular to pulmonary artery uncoupling and right ventricular failure, all being associated with a worse outcome. The differential diagnosis of PH associated with left heart disease versus pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is especially challenging in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities and\/or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). A stepwise approach to diagnosis is proposed, starting with a proper clinical multidimensional phenotyping to identify patients in whom hemodynamic confirmation is deemed necessary. Provocative testing (exercise testing, fluid loading, or simple leg raising) is useful in the cath laboratory to identify patients with abnormal response who are more likely to suffer from HFpEF. In contrast with group 1 PH, management of PH associated with left heart disease must focus on the treatment of the underlying condition. Some PAH-approved targets have been unsuccessfully tried in clinical studies in a heterogeneous group of patients, some even leading to an increase in adverse events. There is currently no approved therapy for PH associated with left heart disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1772754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:11:55Z","timestamp":1694736715000},"page":"810-825","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Left Heart Disease"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Baratto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Luca, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Caravita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale San Luca, Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Vachi\u00e9ry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, HUB H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Pulmonary Diseases (ERN-LUNG), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"38","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac237","article-title":"2022 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"43","author":"M Humbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031608","article-title":"Global pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension associated with heart failure and preserved or reduced ejection fraction","volume":"137","author":"A U Fayyaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004082","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004082","article-title":"Hemodynamic phenotyping of pulmonary hypertension in left heart failure","volume":"10","author":"R Naeije","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801897","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01897-2018","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease","volume":"53","author":"J L Vachi\u00e9ry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.873","article-title":"Right ventricular dysfunction in left-sided heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction","volume":"19","author":"L Bosch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy809","article-title":"Deterioration in right ventricular structure and function over time in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"40","author":"M Obokata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061118","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1061118","article-title":"Impact of severe secondary tricuspid regurgitation on rest and exercise hemodynamics of patients with heart failure and a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction","volume":"10","author":"C Baratto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.03.003","article-title":"Shedding light on latent pulmonary vascular disease in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"11","author":"S Caravita","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"36","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac184","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular disease in pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease: pathophysiologic implications","volume":"43","author":"K Omote","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039136","article-title":"Differential clinical profiles, exercise responses, and outcomes associated with existing HFpEF definitions","volume":"140","author":"J E Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000823","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure preserved ejection fraction: prevalence, pathophysiology, and clinical perspectives","volume":"7","author":"M Guazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.930701","article-title":"Exercise hemodynamics enhance diagnosis of early heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"3","author":"B A Borlaug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007555","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007555","article-title":"Current limitations of invasive exercise hemodynamics for the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"14","author":"C Baratto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000667","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular hemodynamic response to exercise in cardiopulmonary diseases","volume":"128","author":"G D Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv512","article-title":"Left ventricular heart failure and pulmonary hypertension","volume":"37","author":"S Rosenkranz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"36","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"T A McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.2511","article-title":"Temporal relation between myocardial fibrosis and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: association with baseline disease severity and subsequent outcome","volume":"2","author":"E B Schelbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041657","article-title":"Do existing definitions identify subgroup phenotypes or reflect the natural history of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?","volume":"140","author":"M Senni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005652","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005652","article-title":"Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction infrequently evolves toward a reduced phenotype in long-term survivors","volume":"12","author":"J Lup\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.06.076","article-title":"Pulmonary pressures and death in heart failure: a community study","volume":"59","author":"F Bursi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00605-5","article-title":"Heart failure with mid-range or mildly reduced ejection fraction","volume":"19","author":"G Savarese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"25","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.10.033","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases","volume":"62","author":"J L Vachi\u00e9ry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.675","article-title":"Determinants and prognostic implications of the negative diastolic pulmonary pressure gradient in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease","volume":"19","author":"A I Nagy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038252","article-title":"Paradox of low-gradient aortic stenosis","volume":"139","author":"Y NV Reddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001701","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2021-001701","article-title":"Mild aortic valve disease and the diastolic pressure-volume relationship in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"8","author":"F H Verbrugge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx700","article-title":"Sildenafil for improving outcomes in patients with corrected valvular heart disease and persistent pulmonary hypertension: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"J Bermejo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019949","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019949","article-title":"Persistent pulmonary hypertension in corrected valvular heart disease: hemodynamic insights and long-term survival","volume":"10","author":"J Bermejo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.4428","article-title":"Association of pulmonary hypertension with clinical outcomes of transcatheter mitral valve repair","volume":"5","author":"R Al-Bawardy","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.013","article-title":"Atrial failure as a clinical entity: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"75","author":"F Bisbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.059","article-title":"Left atrial structure and function, and left atrial diastolic dysfunction: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"73","author":"L Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004450","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004450","article-title":"What we talk about when we talk about the wedge pressure","volume":"10","author":"B A Houston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2023.01.030","article-title":"Exercise-induced left atrial hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"11","author":"S E Litwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0323TR","article-title":"Endothelial and smooth muscle cell interactions in the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"54","author":"Y Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700745","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00745-2017","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular endothelium: the orchestra conductor in respiratory diseases: highlights from basic research to therapy","volume":"51","author":"A Huertas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.05.002","article-title":"Lung capillary stress failure and arteriolar remodelling in pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease (group 2 PH)","volume":"59","author":"N R Dayeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.10.012","article-title":"Pathophysiology and clinical relevance of pulmonary remodelling in pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases","volume":"31","author":"J Dupuis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.3.622","article-title":"Vulnerability of pulmonary capillaries in heart disease","volume":"92","author":"J B West","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.12.016","article-title":"Diffusion capacity and mortality in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"4","author":"M M Hoeper","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2016.03.001","article-title":"Impaired pulmonary diffusion in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"4","author":"T P Olson","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1653","article-title":"Diastolic pulmonary vascular pressure gradient: a predictor of prognosis in \u201cout-of-proportion\u201d pulmonary hypertension","volume":"143","author":"C Gerges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.09.942","article-title":"Clinical and biological insights into combined post- and pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"68","author":"T R Assad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0529OC","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure. epidemiology, right ventricular function, and survival","volume":"192","author":"M Gerges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0199164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199164","article-title":"Clinical phenotypes and outcomes of pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease: role of the pre-capillary component","volume":"13","author":"S Caravita","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab016","article-title":"Kcnk3 dysfunction exaggerates the development of pulmonary hypertension induced by left ventricular pressure overload","volume":"117","author":"M Lambert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026807","article-title":"Evidence supporting the existence of a distinct obese phenotype of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"136","author":"M Obokata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.076","article-title":"Anatomy, function, and dysfunction of the right ventricle: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"73","author":"J Sanz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1086\/677354","article-title":"Biomechanics of the right ventricle in health and disease (2013 Grover Conference series)","volume":"4","author":"R Naeije","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pulm Circ"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801900","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01900-2018","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the right ventricle and of the pulmonary circulation in pulmonary hypertension: an update","volume":"53","author":"A Vonk Noordegraaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2012.03.009","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the right ventricle","volume":"30","author":"L J Dell'Italia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiol Clin"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.051540","article-title":"Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure augments right ventricular pulsatile loading","volume":"125","author":"R J Tedford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1510","article-title":"Prognostic relevance of pulmonary arterial compliance in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"145","author":"P Pellegrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.01.013","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial capacitance is an important predictor of mortality in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction","volume":"3","author":"N Al-Naamani","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.12.024","article-title":"RV contractile function and its coupling to pulmonary circulation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: stratification of clinical phenotypes and outcomes","volume":"10","author":"M Guazzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.035","article-title":"2020 ACC\/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"77","author":"C M Otto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab395","article-title":"2021 ESC\/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"43","author":"A Vahanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.055","article-title":"Tricuspid valve dysfunction following pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator implantation","volume":"69","author":"J D Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2019.08.016","article-title":"Functional regurgitation of atrioventricular valves and atrial fibrillation: an elusive pathophysiological link deserving further attention","volume":"33","author":"D Muraru","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.1990753","article-title":"Recent advances in multimodality imaging of the tricuspid valve","volume":"18","author":"S Caravita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeac009","article-title":"Tricuspid regurgitation: recent advances in understanding pathophysiology, severity grading and outcome","volume":"23","author":"R T Hahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeab211","article-title":"Right heart chambers geometry and function in patients with the atrial and the ventricular phenotypes of functional tricuspid regurgitation","volume":"23","author":"D R Florescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001575","article-title":"The hemodynamic basis of exercise intolerance in tricuspid regurgitation","volume":"7","author":"M J Andersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13979","article-title":"Exercise haemodynamics in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"C Baratto","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022755","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1022755","article-title":"The atrial secondary tricuspid regurgitation is associated to more favorable outcome than the ventricular phenotype","volume":"9","author":"M Gavazzoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref64","first-page":"2869","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a plea for proper phenotyping and further research","volume":"38","author":"M M Hoeper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.062","article-title":"Biological versus chronological aging: JACC focus seminar","volume":"75","author":"M R Hamczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646","article-title":"A simple, evidence-based approach to help guide diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"138","author":"Y NV Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.07.009","article-title":"Atrial dysfunction in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and atrial fibrillation","volume":"76","author":"Y NV Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.05.047","article-title":"Pre-capillary, combined, and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension: a pathophysiological continuum?","volume":"68","author":"C F Opitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.11.049","article-title":"Left ventricular filling pressure in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"81","author":"C Gerges","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033147","article-title":"Right ventricular myofilament functional differences in humans with systemic sclerosis-associated versus idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"137","author":"S Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000008","article-title":"Right ventricular dysfunction in systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"6","author":"R J Tedford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2016.01.011","article-title":"Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"29","author":"S F Nagueh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-21-0795","article-title":"Left atrial myopathy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"87","author":"K Omote","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00089610","article-title":"A noninvasive algorithm to exclude pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"37","author":"D Bonderman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.112.976654","article-title":"A simple echocardiographic prediction rule for hemodynamics in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"5","author":"A R Opotowsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.09.004","article-title":"Echocardiographic prediction of pre- versus postcapillary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"28","author":"M D'Alto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2016.10.002","article-title":"A clinical and echocardiographic score to identify pulmonary hypertension due to HFpEF","volume":"23","author":"E Berthelot","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00202814","article-title":"Noninvasive identification of left-sided heart failure in a population suspected of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"46","author":"W Jacobs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"130","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00006313","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"22","author":"A J Peacock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1961","article-title":"Cardiac magnetic resonance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: myocyte, interstitium, microvascular, and metabolic abnormalities","volume":"22","author":"G Quarta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029058","article-title":"Exercise intolerance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: diagnosing and ranking its causes using personalized O2 pathway analysis","volume":"137","author":"N E Houstis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.10.014","article-title":"Relative impairments in hemodynamic exercise reserve parameters in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a study-level pooled analysis","volume":"6","author":"A Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"161","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200214","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0214-2020","article-title":"Ventilatory efficiency in pulmonary vascular diseases","volume":"30","author":"J Weatherald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2016.12.011","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension and ventilation during exercise: role of the pre-capillary component","volume":"36","author":"S Caravita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.09.087","article-title":"Exercise oscillatory ventilation in heart failure and in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"202","author":"M Vicenzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900881","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00881-2019","article-title":"Noninvasive versus invasive pressure-flow relationship of the pulmonary circulation: bias and error","volume":"54","author":"S Caravita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e694","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000406","article-title":"2016 focused update: clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations","volume":"133","author":"M Guazzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2821","article-title":"Disproportionate exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension in relation to cardiac output in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a non-invasive echocardiographic study","volume":"25","author":"Y Saito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.1916","article-title":"Diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction among patients with unexplained dyspnea","volume":"7","author":"Y NV Reddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1614","article-title":"Validation of the HFA-PEFF score for the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"22","author":"A Barandiar\u00e1n Aizpurua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"40","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz641","article-title":"How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"40","author":"B Pieske","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad141","article-title":"Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: relevance of a dedicated dyspnoea clinic","volume":"44","author":"J Verwerft","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30317-9","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular resistance and clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary hypertension: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"B A Maron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12145","DOI":"10.1002\/pul2.12145","article-title":"An updated meta-analysis of hemodynamics markers of prognosis in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease","volume":"12","author":"C Baratto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pulm Circ"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.0128","article-title":"Association between hemodynamic markers of pulmonary hypertension and outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"3","author":"R R Vanderpool","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref96","first-page":"E233","article-title":"SCAI\/HFSA clinical expert consensus document on the use of invasive hemodynamics for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease","volume":"89","author":"P Sorajja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2021.07.012","article-title":"Hemodynamics for the heart failure clinician: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"28","author":"S Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.08.1439","article-title":"Clinical relevance of fluid challenge in patients evaluated for pulmonary hypertension","volume":"151","author":"M D'Alto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000983","article-title":"Invasive assessment of pulmonary hypertension: time for a more fluid approach?","volume":"7","author":"B A Borlaug","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008935","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.121.008935","article-title":"The value of passive leg raise during right heart catheterization in diagnosing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"15","author":"A A van de Bovenkamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700578","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00578-2017","article-title":"An official European Respiratory Society statement: pulmonary haemodynamics during exercise","volume":"50","author":"G Kovacs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.02.050","article-title":"Venous tone and stressed blood volume in heart failure: JACC review topic of the week","volume":"79","author":"M Fudim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059486","article-title":"Latent pulmonary vascular disease may alter the response to therapeutic atrial shunt device in heart failure","volume":"145","author":"B A Borlaug","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01307-2015","article-title":"Age-related upper limits of normal for maximum upright exercise pulmonary haemodynamics","volume":"47","author":"R K Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2756","article-title":"Understanding mechanisms of Fontan failure: exercise haemodynamics to unmask diastolic dysfunction, again!","volume":"25","author":"S Caravita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010453","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.010453","article-title":"Exercise hemodynamic profiling is associated with outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous mitral valve repair","volume":"14","author":"A J Rieth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Interv"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.01.031","article-title":"Imaging for tricuspid valve repair and replacement","volume":"14","author":"E Agricola","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"29","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa138","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and risk stratification of pulmonary hypertension in severe tricuspid regurgitation and implications for transcatheter tricuspid valve repair","volume":"41","author":"P Lurz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2020.09.033","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary hemodynamic profile predicts mortality after transcatheter tricuspid valve repair in chronic heart failure","volume":"14","author":"T J Stocker","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Interv"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107038","article-title":"Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction","volume":"385","author":"S D Anker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206286","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction","volume":"387","author":"S D Solomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.2024","article-title":"Effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition on exercise capacity and clinical status in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"309","author":"M M Redfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004813","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.004813","article-title":"Exploring new cardiovascular pathways: are soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators the right direction?","volume":"11","author":"M Michalak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-012-9323-1","article-title":"Soluble guanylate cyclase: a potential therapeutic target for heart failure","volume":"18","author":"M Gheorghiade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307787","article-title":"From comorbidities to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a story of oxidative stress","volume":"102","author":"C Franssen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.08.013","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of the oral soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator: the VICTORIA trial","volume":"6","author":"P W Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw593","article-title":"Vericiguat in patients with worsening chronic heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: results of the SOluble guanylate Cyclase stimulatoR in heArT failurE patientS with PRESERVED EF (SOCRATES-PRESERVED) study","volume":"38","author":"B Pieske","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915928","article-title":"Vericiguat in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"382","author":"P W Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001458","article-title":"Riociguat for patients with pulmonary hypertension caused by systolic left ventricular dysfunction: a phase IIb double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging hemodynamic study","volume":"128","author":"D Bonderman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701886","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01886-2017","article-title":"Macitentan in pulmonary hypertension due to left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"51","author":"J L Vachi\u00e9ry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"38","key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv336","article-title":"Effects of sildenafil on invasive haemodynamics and exercise capacity in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"E S Hoendermis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2021.01.015","article-title":"Levosimendan improves hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in PH-HFpEF: results of the randomized placebo-controlled HELP trial","volume":"9","author":"D Burkhoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"issue":"36","key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac389","article-title":"Riociguat in pulmonary hypertension and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the haemoDYNAMIC trial","volume":"43","author":"T M Dachs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2745","article-title":"\u03b23 adrenergic agonist treatment in chronic pulmonary hypertension associated with heart failure (SPHERE-HF): a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"A Garc\u00eda-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref126","first-page":"331","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular resistance and the risk of heart transplantation","volume":"7","author":"J K Kirklin","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Heart Transplant"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.10.023","article-title":"The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation listing criteria for heart transplantation: a 10-year update","volume":"35","author":"M R Mehra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2006.08.104","article-title":"Left ventricular assist devices decrease fixed pulmonary hypertension in cardiac transplant candidates","volume":"133","author":"D Zimpfer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000000467","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial compliance improves rapidly after left ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"63","author":"S C Masri","year":"2017","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.07.028","article-title":"Impact of the new pulmonary hypertension definition on heart transplant outcomes: expanding the hemodynamic risk profile","volume":"157","author":"T C Crawford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005537","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005537","article-title":"Preimplant phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor use is associated with higher rates of severe early right heart failure after left ventricular assist device implantation","volume":"12","author":"G Gulati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/s-0043-1772754.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T23:46:10Z","timestamp":1698709570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/s-0043-1772754"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1772754","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-3424","1098-9048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1069-3424","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]}}}