{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T02:33:20Z","timestamp":1771554800366,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Management of closed brachial plexus injuries has traditionally favored conservative approaches with lengthy intervals between initial injury and surgical reconstruction. The complex anatomy of this region often requires large incisions with extensive dissection. Recently, the use of robotic systems in plastic and reconstructive surgery has been increasing, and robot-assisted brachial plexus reconstruction is a novel application that is currently being explored. Current literature describing this application is primarily comprised of feasibility studies using animal and cadaver models, and literature describing use in human subjects is limited. Advantages demonstrated by these early studies include the reduction of physiologic tremor, 3D visualization of anatomical structures, and ergonomic positioning; this allows for increased surgical dexterity and the ability to perform minimally invasive microsurgical procedures within the confined anatomical spaces of the brachial plexus. Limitations revolve around inadequate instrumentation, large learning curves, and increased costs that restrict the ability to perform these complex microsurgical procedures reliably and efficiently. As companies continue to develop instrumentation specific to robot-assisted microsurgery, more extensive longitudinal studies outlining long-term costs, changes in operating time, and functional outcomes will be required before a conclusion about the utility of these systems in brachial plexus surgery can be made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1772847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T23:04:03Z","timestamp":1695078243000},"page":"199-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Robotic Nerve Surgery: Brachial Plexus"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Parham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel H.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas H.","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Pederson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1368167","article-title":"Robot-assisted surgery of the shoulder girdle and brachial plexus","volume":"28","author":"S Facca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Brachial plexus injuries: review of the anatomy and the treatment options","volume":"42","author":"S Pejkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prilozi (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934221110733","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to the management of brachial plexus injuries: experience from the Mayo Clinic over 100 years","volume":"47","author":"A Y Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e359","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181bcf16c","article-title":"Adult brachial plexus reconstruction with the level of injury: review and personal experience","volume":"124","author":"D CC Chuang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000103423.08860.A9","article-title":"Endoscopic exploration of the brachial plexus: technique and topographic anatomy: a study in fresh human cadavers","volume":"54","author":"K G Krishnan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-951320","article-title":"Endoscopic exploration of a brachial plexus injury","volume":"22","author":"J Braga-Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1606841","article-title":"Current concept in adult peripheral nerve and brachial plexus surgery","volume":"12","author":"L Rasulic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1104562","article-title":"Nerve repair in telemicrosurgery: an experimental study","volume":"25","author":"E Nectoux","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1313761","article-title":"Telerobotic manipulation of the brachial plexus","volume":"28","author":"J C Garcia Jr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2018.00022","article-title":"Current limitations of surgical robotics in reconstructive plastic microsurgery","volume":"5","author":"Y PA Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2017.00066","article-title":"A systematic review of the role of robotics in plastic and reconstructive surgery: from inception to the future","volume":"4","author":"T D Dobbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00259-6","article-title":"Brachial plexus surgery. 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