{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:07:34Z","timestamp":1787242054328,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"S 01","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001130","name":"The Gerber Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["7247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective\u2003The objectives of this study were to describe (1) body mass indexes (BMIs) using weight and length for gestational age (GA) classifications, and (2) the additional information BMI, as a measure of body proportionality, provides for preterm infant growth assessment and care plans at birth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Study Design\u2003Birth weight, length, and BMI of 188,646 preterm infants (24\u201336 weeks gestation) admitted to U.S. neonatal intensive care units (Pediatrix Clinical Data Warehouse, 2013\u20132018) were classified (Olsen curves) as small, appropriate, or large for GA (SGA\u2009&lt;\u200910th, AGA 10\u201390th, LGA\u2009&gt;\u200990th percentile for GA, respectively). The distribution for the 27 weight\u2013length\u2013BMI combinations was described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results\u2003At birth, most infants were appropriate for weight (80.0%), length (82.2%), head circumference (82.9%), and BMI (79.9%) for GA. Birth weight for GA identified approximately 20% of infants as SGA or LGA. Infants born SGA (or LGA) for both weight and length (\u201cproportionate\u201d in size) were usually appropriate for BMI (59.0% and 75.6%). BMI distinguished disproportionate weight for length in infants with SGA or LGA weight at birth (58.3%, 49.9%). BMI also identified 11.4% of AGA weight infants as small or large for BMI (\u201cdisproportionate\u201d in size) at birth; only using weight for GA missed these underweight\/overweight for length infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion\u2003The unique, additional information provided by birth BMI further informs individualized preterm infant growth assessment by providing an assessment of an infant's body proportionality (weight relative to its length) in addition to the routine assessment of weight, length, and head circumference for GA and may better inform care plans and impact outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Key Points<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1774316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T18:44:06Z","timestamp":1694198646000},"page":"e2735-e2743","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Defining Body Mass Index Using Weight and Length for Gestational Age in the Growth Assessment of Preterm Infants at Birth"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Irene E.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Granger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science and Analytics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed","family":"Masoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science and Analytics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reese H.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pediatrix Center for Research, Education, Quality, and Safety (CREQS), Pediatrix Medical Group, Inc., Sunrise, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0696-185X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Nicole","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Data Science and Analytics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(67)80066-0","article-title":"A practical classification of newborn infants by weight and gestational age","volume":"71","author":"F C Battaglia","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20172533","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2533","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in small for gestational age infants at 22 to 29 weeks' gestation","volume":"141","author":"N S Boghossian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.12.097","article-title":"Outcomes of small for gestational age infants born at <27 weeks' gestation","volume":"163","author":"L C De Jesus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603277","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.603277","article-title":"Preterm birth and birth weight and the risk of type 1 diabetes in Chinese children","volume":"12","author":"K Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"9890","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60993-9","article-title":"Mortality risk in preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants in low-income and middle-income countries: a pooled country analysis","volume":"382","author":"J Katz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.042","article-title":"In-hospital outcomes in large for gestational age infants at 22-29 weeks of gestation","volume":"198","author":"N S Boghossian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2014.02.001","article-title":"Assessment of neonatal growth in prematurely born infants","volume":"41","author":"R H Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1368","article-title":"Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"117","author":"R A Ehrenkranz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1716","article-title":"Health profile of young adults born preterm: negative effects of rapid weight gain in early life","volume":"97","author":"G F Kerkhof","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13128","article-title":"Postnatal growth in preterm infants and later health outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"104","author":"K K Ong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20170216","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0216","article-title":"Head growth trajectory and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm neonates","volume":"140","author":"K Raghuram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000336127","article-title":"The relationship of poor linear growth velocity with neonatal illness and two-year neurodevelopment in preterm infants","volume":"102","author":"S E Ramel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000487663","article-title":"In preterm infants, length growth below expected growth during hospital stay predicts poor neurodevelopment at 2 years","volume":"114","author":"L Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0259-8","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely premature infants with linear growth restriction","volume":"39","author":"J M Meyers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"723","volume-title":"Assessment of nutritional status. 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